Ghosts

By Henrik Ibsen.

Translated by William Archer.

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Introduction

The winter of 1879﻿–﻿80 Ibsen spent in Munich, and the greater part of the summer of 1880 at Berchtesgaden. November 1880 saw him back in Rome, and he passed the summer of 1881 at Sorrento. There, fourteen years earlier, he had written the last acts of Peer Gynt; there he now wrote, or at any rate completed, Gengangere.

The surviving “foreworks” for this play are very scanty. Of the dialogue only two or three brief fragments remain. The longest is a sketch of the passage in which Oswald shocks Pastor Manders by his account of artist life in Paris. We possess, however, some scattered memoranda relating to the play, some of them written on the back of an envelope addressed to “Madame Ibsen, 75 via Capo le Case, Cittè” (that is to say, Rome). They run as follows:

The piece will be like an image of life. Faith undermined. But it does not do to say so. “The Asylum”﻿—for the sake of others. They shall be happy﻿—but this also is only an appearance﻿—it is all ghosts.

One main point. She has been believing and romantic﻿—this is not wholly obliterated by the stand-point afterwards attained﻿—“It is all ghosts.”

It brings a Nemesis on the offspring to marry for external reasons, even if they be religious or moral.

She, the illegitimate child, may be saved by being married to﻿—the son﻿—but then﻿—?

He was in his youth dissipated and worn out; then she, the religiously awakened, appeared; she saved him; she was rich. He had wanted to marry a girl who was thought unworthy. He had a son in his marriage; then he returned to the girl; a daughter﻿—

These women of today, ill-treated as daughters, as sisters, as wives, not educated according to their gifts, withheld from their vocation, deprived of their heritage, embittered in mind﻿—these it is who furnish the mothers of a new generation. What will be the consequence?

The fundamental note shall be the richly flourishing spiritual life among us in literature, art, etc.; and then, as a contrast, all humanity astray on wrong paths.

The complete human being is no longer a natural product, but a product of art, as corn is, and fruit trees, and the creole race, and the higher breeds of horses and dogs, the vine, etc.

The fault lies in the fact that all humanity has miscarried. When man demands to live and develop humanly, it is megalomania. All humanity, and most of all the Christians, suffer from megalomania.

Among us we place monuments over the dead, for we recognise duties towards them; we allow people only fit for the hospital (literally, lepers) to marry: but their offspring﻿—? The unborn﻿—?

The fourth and fifth of these six sections seem to have as much bearing on other plays﻿—for instance, An Enemy of the People, and The Lady from the Sea﻿—as on Ghosts. I should take them rather for general memoranda than for notes specially referring to this play.

Gengangere was published in December 1881, after he had returned to Rome. On December 22 he wrote to Ludwig Passarge, one of his German translators, “My new play has now appeared, and has occasioned a terrible uproar in the Scandinavian press; every day I receive letters and newspaper articles decrying or praising it.﻿ ﻿… I consider it utterly impossible that any German theatre will accept the play at present. I hardly believe that they will dare to play it in the Scandinavian countries for some time to come.” How rightly he judged we shall see anon.

In the newspapers there was far more obloquy than praise. Two men, however, stood by him from the first: Björnson, from whom he had been practically estranged ever since The League of Youth, and Georg Brandes. The latter published an article in which he declared (I quote from memory) that the play might or might not be Ibsen’s greatest work, but that it was certainly his noblest deed. It was, doubtless, in acknowledgment of this article that Ibsen wrote to Brandes on January 3, 1882: “Yesterday I had the great pleasure of receiving your brilliantly clear and so warmly appreciative review of Ghosts.﻿ ﻿… All who read your article must, it seems to me, have their eyes opened to what I meant by my new book﻿—assuming, that is, that they have any wish to see. For I cannot get rid of the impression that a very large number of the false interpretations which have appeared in the newspapers are the work of people who know better. In Norway, however, I am willing to believe that the stultification has in most cases been unintentional; and the reason is not far to seek. In that country a great many of the critics are theologians, more or less disguised; and these gentlemen are, as a rule, quite unable to write rationally about creative literature. That enfeeblement of judgment which, at least in the case of the average man, is an inevitable consequence of prolonged occupation with theological studies, betrays itself more especially in the judging of human character, human actions, and human motives. Practical business judgment, on the other hand, does not suffer so much from studies of this order. Therefore the reverend gentlemen are very often excellent members of local boards; but they are unquestionably our worst critics.” This passage is interesting as showing clearly the point of view from which Ibsen conceived the character of Manders. In the next paragraph of the same letter he discusses the attitude of “the so-called Liberal press”; but as the paragraph contains the germ of An Enemy of the People, it may most fittingly be quoted in the introduction to that play.

Three days later (January 6) Ibsen wrote to Schandorph, the Danish novelist: “I was quite prepared for the hubbub. If certain of our Scandinavian reviewers have no talent for anything else, they have an unquestionable talent for thoroughly misunderstanding and misinterpreting those authors whose books they undertake to judge.﻿ ﻿… They endeavour to make me responsible for the opinions which certain of the personages of my drama express. And yet there is not in the whole book a single opinion, a single utterance, which can be laid to the account of the author. I took good care to avoid this. The very method, the order of technique which imposes its form upon the play, forbids the author to appear in the speeches of his characters. My object was to make the reader feel that he was going through a piece of real experience; and nothing could more effectually prevent such an impression than the intrusion of the author’s private opinions into the dialogue. Do they imagine at home that I am so inexpert in the theory of drama as not to know this? Of course I know it, and act accordingly. In no other play that I have written is the author so external to the action, so entirely absent from it, as in this last one.”

“They say,” he continued, “that the book preaches Nihilism. Not at all. It is not concerned to preach anything whatsoever. It merely points to the ferment of Nihilism going on under the surface, at home as elsewhere. A Pastor Manders will always goad one or other Mrs. Alving to revolt. And just because she is a woman, she will, when once she has begun, go to the utmost extremes.”

Towards the end of January Ibsen wrote from Rome to Olaf Skavlan: “These last weeks have brought me a wealth of experiences, lessons, and discoveries. I, of course, foresaw that my new play would call forth a howl from the camp of the stagnationists; and for this I care no more than for the barking of a pack of chained dogs. But the pusillanimity which I have observed among the so-called Liberals has given me cause for reflection. The very day after my play was published the Dagblad rushed out a hurriedly-written article, evidently designed to purge itself of all suspicion of complicity in my work. This was entirely unnecessary. I myself am responsible for what I write, I and no one else. I cannot possibly embarrass any party, for to no party do I belong. I stand like a solitary franc-tireur at the outposts, and fight for my own hand. The only man in Norway who has stood up freely, frankly, and courageously for me is Björnson. It is just like him. He has in truth a great, kingly soul, and I shall never forget his action in this matter.”

One more quotation completes the history of these stirring January days, as written by Ibsen himself. It occurs in a letter to a Danish journalist, Otto Borchsenius. “It may well be,” the poet writes, “that the play is in several respects rather daring. But it seemed to me that the time had come for moving some boundary-posts. And this was an undertaking for which a man of the older generation, like myself, was better fitted than the many younger authors who might desire to do something of the kind. I was prepared for a storm; but such storms one must not shrink from encountering. That would be cowardice.”

It happened that, just in these days, the present writer had frequent opportunities of conversing with Ibsen, and of hearing from his own lips almost all the views expressed in the above extracts. He was especially emphatic, I remember, in protesting against the notion that the opinions expressed by Mrs. Alving or Oswald were to be attributed to himself. He insisted, on the contrary, that Mrs. Alving’s views were merely typical of the moral chaos inevitably produced by reaction from the narrow conventionalism represented by Manders.

With one consent, the leading theatres of the three Scandinavian capitals declined to have anything to do with the play. It was more than eighteen months old before it found its way to the stage at all. In August 1883 it was acted for the first time at Helsingborg, Sweden, by a travelling company under the direction of an eminent Swedish actor, August Lindberg, who himself played Oswald. He took it on tour round the principal cities of Scandinavia, playing it, among the rest, at a minor theatre in Christiania. It happened that the boards of the Christiania Theatre were at the same time occupied by a French farce; and public demonstrations of protest were made against the managerial policy which gave Tête de Linotte the preference over Gengangere. Gradually the prejudice against the play broke down. Already in the autumn of 1883 it was produced at the Royal (Dramatiska) Theatre in Stockholm. When the new National Theatre was opened in Christiania in 1899, Gengangere found an early place in its repertory; and even the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen has since opened its doors to the tragedy.

Not until April 1886 was Gespenster acted in Germany, and then only at a private performance, at the Stadttheater, Augsburg, the poet himself being present. In the following winter it was acted at the famous Court Theatre at Meiningen, again in the presence of the poet. The first (private) performance in Berlin took place on January 9, 1887, at the Residenz Theater; and when the Freie Bühne, founded on the model of the Paris Theatre Libre, began its operations two years later (September 29, 1889), Gespenster was the first play that it produced. The Freie Bühne gave the initial impulse to the whole modern movement which has given Germany a new dramatic literature; and the leaders of the movement, whether authors or critics, were one and all ardent disciples of Ibsen, who regarded Gespenster as his typical masterpiece. In Germany, then, the play certainly did, in Ibsen’s own words, “move some boundary-posts.” The Prussian censorship presently withdrew its veto, and on November 27, 1894, the two leading literary theatres of Berlin, the Deutsches Theater and the Lessing Theater, gave simultaneous performances of the tragedy. Everywhere in Germany and Austria it is now freely performed; but it is naturally one of the least popular of Ibsen’s plays.

It was with Les Revenants that Ibsen made his first appearance on the French stage. The play was produced by the Théâtre Libre (at the Théâtre des Menus-Plaisirs) on May 29, 1890. Here, again, it became the watchword of the new school of authors and critics, and aroused a good deal of opposition among the old school. But the most hostile French criticisms were moderation itself compared with the torrents of abuse which were poured upon Ghosts by the journalists of London when, on March 13, 1891, the Independent Theatre, under the direction of Mr. J. T. Grein, gave a private performance of the play at the Royalty Theatre, Soho. I have elsewhere placed upon record some of the amazing feats of vituperation achieved of the critics, and will not here recall them.1 It is sufficient to say that if the play had been a tenth part as nauseous as the epithets hurled at it and its author, the Censor’s veto would have been amply justified. That veto is still (1906) in force. England enjoys the proud distinction of being the one country in the world where Ghosts may not be publicly acted. In the United States, the first performance of the play in English took place at the Berkeley Lyceum, New York City, on January 5, 1894. The production was described by Mr. W. D. Howells as “a great theatrical event﻿—the very greatest I have ever known.” Other leading men of letters were equally impressed by it. Five years later, a second production took place at the Carnegie Lyceum; and an adventurous manager has even taken the play on tour in the United States. The Italian version of the tragedy, Gli Spettri, has ever since 1892 taken a prominent place in the repertory of the great actors Zaccone and Novelli, who have acted it, not only throughout Italy, but in Austria, Germany, Russia, Spain, and South America.

In an interview, published immediately after Ibsen’s death, Björnstjerne Björnson, questioned as to what he held to be his brother-poet’s greatest work, replied, without a moment’s hesitation, Gengangere. This dictum can scarcely, I think, be accepted without some qualification. Even confining our attention to the modern plays, and leaving out of comparison The Pretenders, Brand, and Peer Gynt, we can scarcely call Ghosts Ibsen’s richest or most human play, and certainly not his profoundest or most poetical. If some omnipotent Censorship decreed the annihilation of all his works save one, few people, I imagine, would vote that that one should be Ghosts. Even if half a dozen works were to be saved from the wreck, I doubt whether I, for my part, would include Ghosts in the list. It is, in my judgment, a little bare, hard, austere. It is the first work in which Ibsen applies his new technical method﻿—evolved, as I have suggested, during the composition of A Doll’s House﻿—and he applies it with something of fanaticism. He is under the sway of a prosaic ideal﻿—confessed in the phrase, “My object was to make the reader feel that he was going through a piece of real experience”﻿—and he is putting some constraint upon the poet within him. The action moves a little stiffly, and all in one rhythm. It lacks variety and suppleness. Moreover, the play affords some slight excuse for the criticism which persists in regarding Ibsen as a preacher rather than as a creator﻿—an author who cares more for ideas and doctrines than for human beings. Though Mrs. Alving, Engstrand and Regina are rounded and breathing characters, it cannot be denied that Manders strikes one as a clerical type rather than an individual, while even Oswald might not quite unfairly be described as simply and solely his father’s son, an object-lesson in heredity. We cannot be said to know him, individually and intimately, as we know Helmer or Stockmann, Hialmar Ekdal or Gregors Werle. Then, again, there are one or two curious flaws in the play. The question whether Oswald’s “case” is one which actually presents itself in the medical books seems to me of very trifling moment. It is typically true, even if it be not true in detail. The suddenness of the catastrophe may possibly be exaggerated, its premonitions and even its essential nature may be misdescribed. On the other hand, I conceive it probable that the poet had documents to found upon, which may be unknown to his critics. I have never taken any pains to satisfy myself upon the point, which seems to me quite immaterial. There is not the slightest doubt that the life-history of a Captain Alving may, and often does, entail upon posterity consequences quite as tragic as those which ensue in Oswald’s case, and far more wide-spreading. That being so, the artistic justification of the poet’s presentment of the case is certainly not dependent on its absolute scientific accuracy. The flaws above alluded to are of another nature. One of them is the prominence given to the fact that the Asylum is uninsured. No doubt there is some symbolical purport in the circumstance; but I cannot think that it is either sufficiently clear or sufficiently important to justify the emphasis thrown upon it at the end of the second act. Another dubious point is Oswald’s argument in the first act as to the expensiveness of marriage as compared with free union. Since the parties to free union, as he describes it, accept all the responsibilities of marriage, and only pretermit the ceremony, the difference of expense, one would suppose, must be neither more nor less than the actual marriage fee. I have never seen this remark of Oswald’s adequately explained, either as a matter of economic fact, or as a trait of character. Another blemish, of somewhat greater moment, is the inconceivable facility with which, in the third act, Manders suffers himself to be victimised by Engstrand. All these little things, taken together, detract, as it seems to me, from the artistic completeness of the play, and impair its claim to rank as the poet’s masterpiece. Even in prose drama, his greatest and most consummate achievements were yet to come.

Must we, then, wholly dissent from Björnson’s judgment? I think not. In a historical, if not in an aesthetic, sense, Ghosts may well rank as Ibsen’s greatest work. It was the play which first gave the full measure of his technical and spiritual originality and daring. It has done far more than any other of his plays to “move boundary-posts.” It has advanced the frontiers of dramatic art and implanted new ideals, both technical and intellectual, in the minds of a whole generation of playwrights. It ranks with Hernani and La Dame aux Camélias among the epoch-making plays of the nineteenth century, while in point of essential originality it towers above them. We cannot, I think, get nearer to the truth than Georg Brandes did in the above-quoted phrase from his first notice of the play, describing it as not, perhaps, the poet’s greatest work, but certainly his noblest deed. In another essay, Brandes has pointed to it, with equal justice, as marking Ibsen’s final breach with his early﻿—one might almost say his hereditary romanticism. He here becomes, at last, “the most modern of the moderns.” “This, I am convinced,” says the Danish critic, “is his imperishable glory, and will give lasting life to his works.”

—William Archer

Dramatis Personae

Mrs. Helen Alving, widow of Captain Alving, late Chamberlain2 to the King.

Oswald Alving, her son, a painter.

Pastor Manders

Jacob Engstrand, a carpenter.

Regina Engstrand, Mrs. Alving’s maid.

The action takes place at Mrs. Alving’s country house, beside one of the large fjords in Western Norway.

Ghosts

A Family-Drama in Three Acts

Act I

A spacious garden-room, with one door to the left, and two doors to the right. In the middle of the room a round table, with chairs about it. On the table lie books, periodicals, and newspapers. In the foreground to the left a window, and by it a small sofa, with a worktable in front of it. In the background, the room is continued into a somewhat narrower conservatory, the walls of which are formed by large panes of glass. In the right-hand wall of the conservatory is a door leading down into the garden. Through the glass wall a gloomy fjord landscape is faintly visible, veiled by steady rain.

Engstrand, the carpenter, stands by the garden door. His left leg is somewhat bent; he has a clump of wood under the sole of his boot. Regina, with an empty garden syringe in her hand, hinders him from advancing.

Regina
In a low voice. What do you want? Stop where you are. You’re positively dripping.

Engstrand
It’s the Lord’s own rain, my girl.

Regina
It’s the devil’s rain, I say.

Engstrand
Lord, how you talk, Regina. Limps a step or two forward into the room. It’s just this as I wanted to say﻿—

Regina
Don’t clatter so with that foot of yours, I tell you! The young master’s asleep upstairs.

Engstrand
Asleep? In the middle of the day?

Regina
It’s no business of yours.

Engstrand
I was out on the loose last night﻿—

Regina
I can quite believe that.

Engstrand
Yes, we’re weak vessels, we poor mortals, my girl﻿—

Regina
So it seems.

Engstrand
—and temptations are manifold in this world, you see. But all the same, I was hard at work, God knows, at half-past five this morning.

Regina
Very well; only be off now. I won’t stop here and have rendezvous’s3 with you.

Engstrand
What do you say you won’t have?

Regina
I won’t have anyone find you here; so just you go about your business.

Engstrand
Advances a step or two. Blest if I go before I’ve had a talk with you. This afternoon I shall have finished my work at the schoolhouse, and then I shall take tonight’s boat and be off home to the town.

Regina
Mutters. Pleasant journey to you!

Engstrand
Thank you, my child. Tomorrow the Orphanage is to be opened, and then there’ll be fine doings, no doubt, and plenty of intoxicating drink going, you know. And nobody shall say of Jacob Engstrand that he can’t keep out of temptation’s way.

Regina
Oh!

Engstrand
You see, there’s to be heaps of grand folks here tomorrow. Pastor Manders is expected from town, too.

Regina
He’s coming today.

Engstrand
There, you see! And I should be cursedly sorry if he found out anything against me, don’t you understand?

Regina
Oho! is that your game?

Engstrand
Is what my game?

Regina
Looking hard at him. What are you going to fool Pastor Manders into doing, this time?

Engstrand
Sh! sh! Are you crazy? Do I want to fool Pastor Manders? Oh no! Pastor Manders has been far too good a friend to me for that. But I just wanted to say, you know﻿—that I mean to be off home again tonight.

Regina
The sooner the better, say I.

Engstrand
Yes, but I want you with me, Regina.

Regina
Open-mouthed. You want me﻿—? What are you talking about?

Engstrand
I want you to come home with me, I say.

Regina
Scornfully. Never in this world shall you get me home with you.

Engstrand
Oh, we’ll see about that.

Regina
Yes, you may be sure we’ll see about it! Me, that have been brought up by a lady like Mrs. Alving! Me, that am treated almost as a daughter here! Is it me you want to go home with you?﻿—to a house like yours? For shame!

Engstrand
What the devil do you mean? Do you set yourself up against your father, you hussy?

Regina
Mutters without looking at him. You’ve said often enough I was no concern of yours.

Engstrand
Pooh! Why should you bother about that﻿—

Regina
Haven’t you many a time sworn at me and called me a﻿—? Fi donc!

Engstrand
Curse me, now, if ever I used such an ugly word.

Regina
Oh, I remember very well what word you used.

Engstrand
Well, but that was only when I was a bit on, don’t you know? Temptations are manifold in this world, Regina.

Regina
Ugh!

Engstrand
And besides, it was when your mother was that aggravating﻿—I had to find something to twit her with, my child. She was always setting up for a fine lady. Mimics. “Let me go, Engstrand; let me be. Remember I was three years in Chamberlain Alving’s family at Rosenvold.” Laughs. Mercy on us! She could never forget that the Captain was made a Chamberlain while she was in service here.

Regina
Poor Mother! you very soon tormented her into her grave.

Engstrand
With a twist of his shoulders. Oh, of course! I’m to have the blame for everything.

Regina
Turns away; half aloud. Ugh﻿—! And that leg too!

Engstrand
What do you say, my child?

Regina
Pied de mouton.

Engstrand
Is that English, eh?

Regina
Yes.

Engstrand
Ay, ay; you’ve picked up some learning out here; and that may come in useful now, Regina.

Regina
After a short silence. What do you want with me in town?

Engstrand
Can you ask what a father wants with his only child? A’n’t I a lonely, forlorn widower?

Regina
Oh, don’t try on any nonsense like that with me! Why do you want me?

Engstrand
Well, let me tell you, I’ve been thinking of setting up in a new line of business.

Regina
Contemptuously. You’ve tried that often enough, and much good you’ve done with it.

Engstrand
Yes, but this time you shall see, Regina! Devil take me﻿—

Regina
Stamps. Stop your swearing!

Engstrand
Hush, hush; you’re right enough there, my girl. What I wanted to say was just this﻿—I’ve laid by a very tidy pile from this Orphanage job.

Regina
Have you? That’s a good thing for you.

Engstrand
What can a man spend his ha’pence on here in this country hole?

Regina
Well, what then?

Engstrand
Why, you see, I thought of putting the money into some paying speculation. I thought of a sort of a sailor’s tavern﻿—

Regina
Pah!

Engstrand
A regular high-class affair, of course; not any sort of pigsty for common sailors. No! damn it! it would be for captains and mates, and﻿—and﻿—regular swells, you know.

Regina
And I was to﻿—?

Engstrand
You were to help, to be sure. Only for the look of the thing, you understand. Devil a bit of hard work shall you have, my girl. You shall do exactly what you like.

Regina
Oh, indeed!

Engstrand
But there must be a petticoat in the house; that’s as clear as daylight. For I want to have it a bit lively like in the evenings, with singing and dancing, and so on. You must remember they’re weary wanderers on the ocean of life. Nearer. Now don’t be a fool and stand in your own light, Regina. What’s to become of you out here? Your mistress has given you a lot of learning; but what good is that to you? You’re to look after the children at the new Orphanage, I hear. Is that the sort of thing for you, eh? Are you so dead set on wearing your life out for a pack of dirty brats?

Regina
No; if things go as I want them to﻿—Well there’s no saying﻿—there’s no saying.

Engstrand
What do you mean by “there’s no saying”?

Regina
Never you mind.﻿—How much money have you saved?

Engstrand
What with one thing and another, a matter of seven or eight hundred crowns. A “krone” is equal to one shilling and three-halfpence.

Regina
That’s not so bad.

Engstrand
It’s enough to make a start with, my girl.

Regina
Aren’t you thinking of giving me any?

Engstrand
No, I’m blest if I am!

Regina
Not even of sending me a scrap of stuff for a new dress?

Engstrand
Come to town with me, my lass, and you’ll soon get dresses enough.

Regina
Pooh! I can do that on my own account, if I want to.

Engstrand
No, a father’s guiding hand is what you want, Regina. Now, I’ve got my eye on a capital house in Little Harbour Street. They don’t want much ready-money; and it could be a sort of a Sailors’ Home, you know.

Regina
But I will not live with you! I have nothing whatever to do with you. Be off!

Engstrand
You wouldn’t stop long with me, my girl. No such luck! If you knew how to play your cards, such a fine figure of a girl as you’ve grown in the last year or two﻿—

Regina
Well?

Engstrand
You’d soon get hold of some mate﻿—or maybe even a captain﻿—

Regina
I won’t marry anyone of that sort. Sailors have no savoir vivre.

Engstrand
What’s that they haven’t got?

Regina
I know what sailors are, I tell you. They’re not the sort of people to marry.

Engstrand
Then never mind about marrying them. You can make it pay all the same. More confidentially. He﻿—the Englishman﻿—the man with the yacht﻿—he came down with three hundred dollars, he did; and she wasn’t a bit handsomer than you.

Regina
Making for him. Out you go!

Engstrand
Falling back. Come, come! You’re not going to hit me, I hope.

Regina
Yes, if you begin talking about mother I shall hit you. Get away with you, I say! Drives him back towards the garden door. And don’t slam the doors. Young Mr. Alving﻿—

Engstrand
He’s asleep; I know. You’re mightily taken up about young Mr. Alving﻿—More softly. Oho! you don’t mean to say it’s him as﻿—?

Regina
Be off this minute! You’re crazy, I tell you! No, not that way. There comes Pastor Manders. Down the kitchen stairs with you.

Engstrand
Towards the right. Yes, yes, I’m going. But just you talk to him as is coming there. He’s the man to tell you what a child owes its father. For I am your father all the same, you know. I can prove it from the church register.

He goes out through the second door to the right, which Regina has opened, and closes again after him. Regina glances hastily at herself in the mirror, dusts herself with her pocket handkerchief; and settles her necktie; then she busies herself with the flowers.

Pastor Manders, wearing an overcoat, carrying an umbrella, and with a small travelling bag on a strap over his shoulder, comes through the garden door into the conservatory.

Manders
Good morning, Miss Engstrand.

Regina
Turning round, surprised and pleased. No, really! Good morning, Pastor Manders. Is the steamer in already?

Manders
It is just in. Enters the sitting-room. Terrible weather we have been having lately.

Regina
Follows him. It’s such blessed weather for the country, sir.

Manders
No doubt; you are quite right. We townspeople give too little thought to that. He begins to take off his overcoat.

Regina
Oh, mayn’t I help you?﻿—There! Why, how wet it is? I’ll just hang it up in the hall. And your umbrella, too﻿—I’ll open it and let it dry.

She goes out with the things through the second door on the right. Pastor Manders takes off his travelling bag and lays it and his hat on a chair. Meanwhile Regina comes in again.

Manders
Ah, it’s a comfort to get safe under cover. I hope everything is going on well here?

Regina
Yes, thank you, sir.

Manders
You have your hands full, I suppose, in preparation for tomorrow?

Regina
Yes, there’s plenty to do, of course.

Manders
And Mrs. Alving is at home, I trust?

Regina
Oh dear, yes. She’s just upstairs, looking after the young master’s chocolate.

Manders
Yes, by the by﻿—I heard down at the pier that Oswald had arrived.

Regina
Yes, he came the day before yesterday. We didn’t expect him before today.

Manders
Quite strong and well, I hope?

Regina
Yes, thank you, quite; but dreadfully tired with the journey. He has made one rush right through from Paris﻿—the whole way in one train, I believe. He’s sleeping a little now, I think; so perhaps we’d better talk a little quietly.

Manders
Sh!﻿—as quietly as you please.

Regina
Arranging an armchair beside the table. Now, do sit down, Pastor Manders, and make yourself comfortable. He sits down; she places a footstool under his feet. There! Are you comfortable now, sir?

Manders
Thanks, thanks, extremely so. Looks at her. Do you know, Miss Engstrand, I positively believe you have grown since I last saw you.

Regina
Do you think so, Sir? Mrs. Alving says I’ve filled out too.

Manders
Filled out? Well, perhaps a little; just enough.

Short pause.

Regina
Shall I tell Mrs. Alving you are here?

Manders
Thanks, thanks, there is no hurry, my dear child.﻿—By the by, Regina, my good girl, tell me: how is your father getting on out here?

Regina
Oh, thank you, sir, he’s getting on well enough.

Manders
He called upon me last time he was in town.

Regina
Did he, indeed? He’s always so glad of a chance of talking to you, sir.

Manders
And you often look in upon him at his work, I daresay?

Regina
I? Oh, of course, when I have time, I﻿—

Manders
Your father is not a man of strong character, Miss Engstrand. He stands terribly in need of a guiding hand.

Regina
Oh, yes; I daresay he does.

Manders
He requires someone near him whom he cares for, and whose judgment he respects. He frankly admitted as much when he last came to see me.

Regina
Yes, he mentioned something of the sort to me. But I don’t know whether Mrs. Alving can spare me; especially now that we’ve got the new Orphanage to attend to. And then I should be so sorry to leave Mrs. Alving; she has always been so kind to me.

Manders
But a daughter’s duty, my good girl﻿—Of course, we should first have to get your mistress’s consent.

Regina
But I don’t know whether it would be quite proper for me, at my age, to keep house for a single man.

Manders
What! My dear Miss Engstrand! When the man is your own father!

Regina
Yes, that may be; but all the same﻿—Now, if it were in a thoroughly nice house, and with a real gentleman﻿—

Manders
Why, my dear Regina﻿—

Regina
—one I could love and respect, and be a daughter to﻿—

Manders
Yes, but my dear, good child﻿—

Regina
Then I should be glad to go to town. It’s very lonely out here; you know yourself, sir, what it is to be alone in the world. And I can assure you I’m both quick and willing. Don’t you know of any such place for me, sir?

Manders
I? No, certainly not.

Regina
But, dear, dear Sir, do remember me if﻿—

Manders
Rising. Yes, yes, certainly, Miss Engstrand.

Regina
For if I﻿—

Manders
Will you be so good as to tell your mistress I am here?

Regina
I will, at once, sir. She goes out to the left.

Manders
Paces the room two or three times, stands a moment in the background with his hands behind his back, and looks out over the garden. Then he returns to the table, takes up a book, and looks at the title page; starts, and looks at several books. Ha﻿—indeed!

Mrs. Alving enters by the door on the left; she is followed by Regina, who immediately goes out by the first door on the right.

Mrs. Alving
Holds out her hand. Welcome, my dear Pastor.

Manders
How do you do, Mrs. Alving? Here I am as I promised.

Mrs. Alving
Always punctual to the minute.

Manders
You may believe it was not so easy for me to get away. With all the Boards and Committees I belong to﻿—

Mrs. Alving
That makes it all the kinder of you to come so early. Now we can get through our business before dinner. But where is your portmanteau?

Manders
Quickly. I left it down at the inn. I shall sleep there tonight.

Mrs. Alving
Suppressing a smile. Are you really not to be persuaded, even now, to pass the night under my roof?

Manders
No, no, Mrs. Alving; many thanks. I shall stay at the inn, as usual. It is so conveniently near the landing-stage.

Mrs. Alving
Well, you must have your own way. But I really should have thought we two old people﻿—

Manders
Now you are making fun of me. Ah, you’re naturally in great spirits today﻿—what with tomorrow’s festival and Oswald’s return.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; you can think what a delight it is to me! It’s more than two years since he was home last. And now he has promised to stay with me all the winter.

Manders
Has he really? That is very nice and dutiful of him. For I can well believe that life in Rome and Paris has very different attractions from any we can offer here.

Mrs. Alving
Ah, but here he has his mother, you see. My own darling boy﻿—he hasn’t forgotten his old mother!

Manders
It would be grievous indeed, if absence and absorption in art and that sort of thing were to blunt his natural feelings.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, you may well say so. But there’s nothing of that sort to fear with him. I’m quite curious to see whether you know him again. He’ll be down presently; he’s upstairs just now, resting a little on the sofa. But do sit down, my dear Pastor.

Manders
Thank you. Are you quite at liberty﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Certainly. She sits by the table.

Manders
Very well. Then let me show you﻿—He goes to the chair where his travelling bag lies, takes out a packet of papers, sits down on the opposite side of the table, and tries to find a clear space for the papers. Now, to begin with, here is﻿—Breaking off. Tell me, Mrs. Alving, how do these books come to be here?

Mrs. Alving
These books? They are books I am reading.

Manders
Do you read this sort of literature?

Mrs. Alving
Certainly I do.

Manders
Do you feel better or happier for such reading?

Mrs. Alving
I feel, so to speak, more secure.

Manders
That is strange. How do you mean?

Mrs. Alving
Well, I seem to find explanation and confirmation of all sorts of things I myself have been thinking. For that is the wonderful part of it, Pastor Manders﻿—there is really nothing new in these books, nothing but what most people think and believe. Only most people either don’t formulate it to themselves, or else keep quiet about it.

Manders
Great heavens! Do you really believe that most people﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
I do, indeed.

Manders
But surely not in this country? Not here among us?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, certainly; here as elsewhere.

Manders
Well, I really must say﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
For the rest, what do you object to in these books?

Manders
Object to in them? You surely do not suppose that I have nothing better to do than to study such publications as these?

Mrs. Alving
That is to say, you know nothing of what you are condemning?

Manders
I have read enough about these writings to disapprove of them.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; but your own judgment﻿—

Manders
My dear Mrs. Alving, there are many occasions in life when one must rely upon others. Things are so ordered in this world; and it is well that they are. Otherwise, what would become of society?

Mrs. Alving
Well, well, I daresay you’re right there.

Manders
Besides, I of course do not deny that there may be much that is attractive in such books. Nor can I blame you for wishing to keep up with the intellectual movements that are said to be going on in the great world﻿—where you have let your son pass so much of his life. But﻿—

Mrs. Alving
But?

Manders
Lowering his voice. But one should not talk about it, Mrs. Alving. One is certainly not bound to account to everybody for what one reads and thinks within one’s own four walls.

Mrs. Alving
Of course not; I quite agree with you.

Manders
Only think, now, how you are bound to consider the interests of this Orphanage, which you decided on founding at a time when﻿—if I understand you rightly﻿—you thought very differently on spiritual matters.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, yes; I quite admit that. But it was about the Orphanage﻿—

Manders
It was about the Orphanage we were to speak; yes. All I say is: prudence, my dear lady! And now let us get to business. Opens the packet, and takes out a number of papers. Do you see these?

Mrs. Alving
The documents?

Manders
All﻿—and in perfect order. I can tell you it was hard work to get them in time. I had to put on strong pressure. The authorities are almost morbidly scrupulous when there is any decisive step to be taken. But here they are at last. Looks through the bundle. See! here is the formal deed of gift of the parcel of ground known as Solvik in the Manor of Rosenvold, with all the newly constructed buildings, schoolrooms, master’s house, and chapel. And here is the legal fiat for the endowment and for the Bylaws of the Institution. Will you look at them? Reads. “Bylaws for the Children’s Home to be known as ‘Captain Alving’s Foundation.’ ”

Mrs. Alving
(Looks long at the paper.) So there it is.

Manders
I have chosen the designation “Captain” rather than “Chamberlain.” “Captain” looks less pretentious.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, yes; just as you think best.

Manders
And here you have the Bank Account of the capital lying at interest to cover the current expenses of the Orphanage.

Mrs. Alving
Thank you; but please keep it﻿—it will be more convenient.

Manders
With pleasure. I think we will leave the money in the Bank for the present. The interest is certainly not what we could wish﻿—four percent and six months’ notice of withdrawal. If a good mortgage could be found later on﻿—of course it must be a first mortgage and an unimpeachable security﻿—then we could consider the matter.

Mrs. Alving
Certainly, my dear Pastor Manders. You are the best judge in these things.

Manders
I will keep my eyes open at any rate.﻿—But now there is one thing more which I have several times been intending to ask you.

Mrs. Alving
And what is that?

Manders
Shall the Orphanage buildings be insured or not?

Mrs. Alving
Of course they must be insured.

Manders
Well, wait a moment, Mrs. Alving. Let us look into the matter a little more closely.

Mrs. Alving
I have everything insured; buildings and movables and stock and crops.

Manders
Of course you have﻿—on your own estate. And so have I﻿—of course. But here, you see, it is quite another matter. The Orphanage is to be consecrated, as it were, to a higher purpose.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, but that’s no reason﻿—

Manders
For my own part, I should certainly not see the smallest impropriety in guarding against all contingencies﻿—

Mrs. Alving
No, I should think not.

Manders
But what is the general feeling in the neighbourhood? You, of course, know better than I.

Mrs. Alving
Well﻿—the general feeling﻿—

Manders
Is there any considerable number of people﻿—really responsible people﻿—who might be scandalised?

Mrs. Alving
What do you mean by “really responsible people”?

Manders
Well, I mean people in such independent and influential positions that one cannot help attaching some weight to their opinions.

Mrs. Alving
There are several people of that sort here, who would very likely be shocked if﻿—

Manders
There, you see! In town we have many such people. Think of all my colleague’s adherents! People would be only too ready to interpret our action as a sign that neither you nor I had the right faith in a Higher Providence.

Mrs. Alving
But for your own part, my dear Pastor, you can at least tell yourself that﻿—

Manders
Yes, I know﻿—I know; my conscience would be quite easy, that is true enough. But nevertheless we should not escape grave misinterpretation; and that might very likely react unfavourably upon the Orphanage.

Mrs. Alving
Well, in that case﻿—

Manders
Nor can I entirely lose sight of the difficult﻿—I may even say painful﻿—position in which I might perhaps be placed. In the leading circles of the town, people take a lively interest in this Orphanage. It is, of course, founded partly for the benefit of the town, as well; and it is to be hoped it will, to a considerable extent, result in lightening our Poor Rates. Now, as I have been your adviser, and have had the business arrangements in my hands, I cannot but fear that I may have to bear the brunt of fanaticism﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Oh, you mustn’t run the risk of that.

Manders
To say nothing of the attacks that would assuredly be made upon me in certain papers and periodicals, which﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Enough, my dear Pastor Manders. That consideration is quite decisive.

Manders
Then you do not wish the Orphanage to be insured?

Mrs. Alving
No. We will let it alone.

Manders
Leaning back in his chair. But if, now, a disaster were to happen? One can never tell﻿—Should you be able to make good the damage?

Mrs. Alving
No; I tell you plainly I should do nothing of the kind.

Manders
Then I must tell you, Mrs. Alving﻿—we are taking no small responsibility upon ourselves.

Mrs. Alving
Do you think we can do otherwise?

Manders
No, that is just the point; we really cannot do otherwise. We ought not to expose ourselves to misinterpretation; and we have no right whatever to give offence to the weaker brethren.

Mrs. Alving
You, as a clergyman, certainly should not.

Manders
I really think, too, we may trust that such an institution has fortune on its side; in fact, that it stands under a special providence.

Mrs. Alving
Let us hope so, Pastor Manders.

Manders
Then we will let it take its chance?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, certainly.

Manders
Very well. So be it. Makes a note. Then﻿—no insurance.

Mrs. Alving
It’s odd that you should just happen to mention the matter today﻿—

Manders
I have often thought of asking you about it﻿—

Mrs. Alving
—for we very nearly had a fire down there yesterday.

Manders
You don’t say so!

Mrs. Alving
Oh, it was a trifling matter. A heap of shavings had caught fire in the carpenter’s workshop.

Manders
Where Engstrand works?

Mrs. Alving
Yes. They say he’s often very careless with matches.

Manders
He has so much on his mind, that man﻿—so many things to fight against. Thank God, he is now striving to lead a decent life, I hear.

Mrs. Alving
Indeed! Who says so?

Manders
He himself assures me of it. And he is certainly a capital workman.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, yes; so long as he’s sober﻿—

Manders
Ah, that melancholy weakness! But, he is often driven to it by his injured leg, he says. Last time he was in town I was really touched by him. He came and thanked me so warmly for having got him work here, so that he might be near Regina.

Mrs. Alving
He doesn’t see much of her.

Manders
Oh, yes; he has a talk with her every day. He told me so himself.

Mrs. Alving
Well, it may be so.

Manders
He feels so acutely that he needs someone to keep a firm hold on him when temptation comes. That is what I cannot help liking about Jacob Engstrand: he comes to you so helplessly, accusing himself and confessing his own weakness. The last time he was talking to me﻿—Believe me, Mrs. Alving, supposing it were a real necessity for him to have Regina home again﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Rising hastily. Regina!

Manders
—you must not set yourself against it.

Mrs. Alving
Indeed I shall set myself against it. And besides﻿—Regina is to have a position in the Orphanage.

Manders
But, after all, remember he is her father﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Oh, I know very well what sort of a father he has been to her. No! She shall never go to him with my goodwill.

Manders
Rising. My dear lady, don’t take the matter so warmly. You sadly misjudge poor Engstrand. You seem to be quite terrified﻿—

Mrs. Alving
More quietly. It makes no difference. I have taken Regina into my house, and there she shall stay. Listens. Hush, my dear Mr. Manders; say no more about it. Her face lights up with gladness. Listen! there is Oswald coming downstairs. Now we’ll think of no one but him.

Oswald Alving, in a light overcoat, hat in hand, and smoking a large meerschaum, enters by the door on the left; he stops in the doorway.

Oswald
Oh, I beg your pardon; I thought you were in the study. Comes forward. Good morning, Pastor Manders.

Manders
Staring. Ah﻿—! How strange﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
Well now, what do you think of him, Mr. Manders?

Manders
I﻿—I﻿—can it really be﻿—?

Oswald
Yes, it’s really the Prodigal Son, sir.

Manders
Protesting. My dear young friend﻿—

Oswald
Well, then, the Lost Sheep Found.

Mrs. Alving
Oswald is thinking of the time when you were so much opposed to his becoming a painter.

Manders
To our human eyes many a step seems dubious, which afterwards proves﻿—Wrings his hand. But first of all, welcome, welcome home! Do not think, my dear Oswald﻿—I suppose I may call you by your Christian name?

Oswald
What else should you call me?

Manders
Very good. What I wanted to say was this, my dear Oswald﻿—you must not think that I utterly condemn the artist’s calling. I have no doubt there are many who can keep their inner self unharmed in that profession, as in any other.

Oswald
Let us hope so.

Mrs. Alving
Beaming with delight. I know one who has kept both his inner and his outer self unharmed. Just look at him, Mr. Manders.

Oswald
Moves restlessly about the room. Yes, yes, my dear Mother; let’s say no more about it.

Manders
Why, certainly﻿—that is undeniable. And you have begun to make a name for yourself already. The newspapers have often spoken of you, most favourably. Just lately, by the by, I fancy I haven’t seen your name quite so often.

Oswald
Up in the conservatory. I haven’t been able to paint so much lately.

Mrs. Alving
Even a painter needs a little rest now and then.

Manders
No doubt, no doubt. And meanwhile he can be preparing himself and mustering his forces for some great work.

Oswald
Yes.﻿—Mother, will dinner soon be ready?

Mrs. Alving
In less than half an hour. He has a capital appetite, thank God.

Manders
And a taste for tobacco, too.

Oswald
I found my father’s pipe in my room﻿—

Manders
Aha﻿—then that accounts for it!

Mrs. Alving
For what?

Manders
When Oswald appeared there, in the doorway, with the pipe in his mouth, I could have sworn I saw his father, large as life.

Oswald
No, really?

Mrs. Alving
Oh, how can you say so? Oswald takes after me.

Manders
Yes, but there is an expression about the corners of the mouth﻿—something about the lips﻿—that reminds one exactly of Alving: at any rate, now that he is smoking.

Mrs. Alving
Not in the least. Oswald has rather a clerical curve about his mouth, I think.

Manders
Yes, yes; some of my colleagues have much the same expression.

Mrs. Alving
But put your pipe away, my dear boy; I won’t have smoking in here.

Oswald
Does so. By all means. I only wanted to try it; for I once smoked it when I was a child.

Mrs. Alving
You?

Oswald
Yes. I was quite small at the time. I recollect I came up to father’s room one evening when he was in great spirits.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, you can’t recollect anything of those times.

Oswald
Yes, I recollect it distinctly. He took me on his knee, and gave me the pipe. “Smoke, boy,” he said; “smoke away, boy!” And I smoked as hard as I could, until I felt I was growing quite pale, and the perspiration stood in great drops on my forehead. Then he burst out laughing heartily﻿—

Manders
That was most extraordinary.

Mrs. Alving
My dear friend, it’s only something Oswald has dreamt.

Oswald
No, Mother, I assure you I didn’t dream it. For﻿—don’t you remember this?﻿—you came and carried me out into the nursery. Then I was sick, and I saw that you were crying.﻿—Did father often play such practical jokes?

Manders
In his youth he overflowed with the joy of life﻿—

Oswald
And yet he managed to do so much in the world; so much that was good and useful; although he died so early.

Manders
Yes, you have inherited the name of an energetic and admirable man, my dear Oswald Alving. No doubt it will be an incentive to you﻿—

Oswald
It ought to, indeed.

Manders
It was good of you to come home for the ceremony in his honour.

Oswald
I could do no less for my father.

Mrs. Alving
And I am to keep him so long! That is the best of all.

Manders
You are going to pass the winter at home, I hear.

Oswald
My stay is indefinite, sir. But, ah! it is good to be at home!

Mrs. Alving
Beaming. Yes, isn’t it, dear?

Manders
Looking sympathetically at him. You went out into the world early, my dear Oswald.

Oswald
I did. I sometimes wonder whether it wasn’t too early.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, not at all. A healthy lad is all the better for it; especially when he’s an only child. He oughtn’t to hang on at home with his mother and father, and get spoilt.

Manders
That is a very disputable point, Mrs. Alving. A child’s proper place is, and must be, the home of his fathers.

Oswald
There I quite agree with you, Pastor Manders.

Manders
Only look at your own son﻿—there is no reason why we should not say it in his presence﻿—what has the consequence been for him? He is six or seven and twenty, and has never had the opportunity of learning what a well-ordered home really is.

Oswald
I beg your pardon, Pastor; there you’re quite mistaken.

Manders
Indeed? I thought you had lived almost exclusively in artistic circles.

Oswald
So I have.

Manders
And chiefly among the younger artists?

Oswald
Yes, certainly.

Manders
But I thought few of those young fellows could afford to set up house and support a family.

Oswald
There are many who cannot afford to marry, sir.

Manders
Yes, that is just what I say.

Oswald
But they may have a home for all that. And several of them have, as a matter of fact; and very pleasant, well-ordered homes they are, too.

Mrs. Alving follows with breathless interest; nods, but says nothing.

Manders
But I’m not talking of bachelors’ quarters. By a “home” I understand the home of a family, where a man lives with his wife and children.

Oswald
Yes; or with his children and his children’s mother.

Manders
Starts; clasps his hands. But, good heavens﻿—

Oswald
Well?

Manders
Lives with﻿—his children’s mother!

Oswald
Yes. Would you have him turn his children’s mother out of doors?

Manders
Then it is illicit relations you are talking of! Irregular marriages, as people call them!

Oswald
I have never noticed anything particularly irregular about the life these people lead.

Manders
But how is it possible that a﻿—a young man or young woman with any decency of feeling can endure to live in that way?﻿—in the eyes of all the world!

Oswald
What are they to do? A poor young artist﻿—a poor girl﻿—marriage costs a great deal. What are they to do?

Manders
What are they to do? Let me tell you, Mr. Alving, what they ought to do. They ought to exercise self-restraint from the first; that is what they ought to do.

Oswald
That doctrine will scarcely go down with warm-blooded young people who love each other.

Mrs. Alving
No, scarcely!

Manders
Continuing. How can the authorities tolerate such things! Allow them to go on in the light of day! Confronting Mrs. Alving. Had I not cause to be deeply concerned about your son? In circles where open immorality prevails, and has even a sort of recognised position﻿—!

Oswald
Let me tell you, sir, that I have been in the habit of spending nearly all my Sundays in one or two such irregular homes﻿—

Manders
Sunday of all days!

Oswald
Isn’t that the day to enjoy one’s self? Well, never have I heard an offensive word, and still less have I witnessed anything that could be called immoral. No; do you know when and where I have come across immorality in artistic circles?

Manders
No, thank heaven, I don’t!

Oswald
Well, then, allow me to inform you. I have met with it when one or other of our pattern husbands and fathers has come to Paris to have a look round on his own account, and has done the artists the honour of visiting their humble haunts. They knew what was what. These gentlemen could tell us all about places and things we had never dreamt of.

Manders
What! Do you mean to say that respectable men from home here would﻿—?

Oswald
Have you never heard these respectable men, when they got home again, talking about the way in which immorality runs rampant abroad?

Manders
Yes, no doubt﻿—

Mrs. Alving
I have too.

Oswald
Well, you may take their word for it. They know what they are talking about! Presses his hands to his head. Oh! that that great, free, glorious life out there should be defiled in such a way!

Mrs. Alving
You mustn’t get excited, Oswald. It’s not good for you.

Oswald
Yes; you’re quite right, Mother. It’s bad for me, I know. You see, I’m wretchedly worn out. I shall go for a little turn before dinner. Excuse me, Pastor: I know you can’t take my point of view; but I couldn’t help speaking out. He goes out by the second door to the right.

Mrs. Alving
My poor boy!

Manders
You may well say so. Then this is what he has come to!

Mrs. Alving looks at him silently.

Manders
Walking up and down. He called himself the Prodigal Son. Alas! alas!

Mrs. Alving continues looking at him.

Manders
And what do you say to all this?

Mrs. Alving
I say that Oswald was right in every word.

Manders
Stands still. Right? Right! In such principles?

Mrs. Alving
Here, in my loneliness, I have come to the same way of thinking, Pastor Manders. But I have never dared to say anything. Well! now my boy shall speak for me.

Manders
You are greatly to be pitied, Mrs. Alving. But now I must speak seriously to you. And now it is no longer your business manager and adviser, your own and your husband’s early friend, who stands before you. It is the priest﻿—the priest who stood before you in the moment of your life when you had gone farthest astray.

Mrs. Alving
And what has the priest to say to me?

Manders
I will first stir up your memory a little. The moment is well chosen. Tomorrow will be the tenth anniversary of your husband’s death. Tomorrow the memorial in his honour will be unveiled. Tomorrow I shall have to speak to the whole assembled multitude. But today I will speak to you alone.

Mrs. Alving
Very well, Pastor Manders. Speak.

Manders
Do you remember that after less than a year of married life you stood on the verge of an abyss? That you forsook your house and home? That you fled from your husband? Yes, Mrs. Alving﻿—fled, fled, and refused to return to him, however much he begged and prayed you?

Mrs. Alving
Have you forgotten how infinitely miserable I was in that first year?

Manders
It is the very mark of the spirit of rebellion to crave for happiness in this life. What right have we human beings to happiness? We have simply to do our duty, Mrs. Alving! And your duty was to hold firmly to the man you had once chosen, and to whom you were bound by the holiest ties.

Mrs. Alving
You know very well what sort of life Alving was leading﻿—what excesses he was guilty of.

Manders
I know very well what rumours there were about him; and I am the last to approve the life he led in his young days, if report did not wrong him. But a wife is not appointed to be her husband’s judge. It was your duty to bear with humility the cross which a Higher Power had, in its wisdom, laid upon you. But instead of that you rebelliously throw away the cross, desert the backslider whom you should have supported, go and risk your good name and reputation, and﻿—nearly succeed in ruining other people’s reputation into the bargain.

Mrs. Alving
Other people’s? One other person’s, you mean.

Manders
It was incredibly reckless of you to seek refuge with me.

Mrs. Alving
With our clergyman? With our intimate friend?

Manders
Just on that account. Yes, you may thank God that I possessed the necessary firmness; that I succeeded in dissuading you from your wild designs; and that it was vouchsafed me to lead you back to the path of duty, and home to your lawful husband.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, Pastor Manders, that was certainly your work.

Manders
I was but a poor instrument in a Higher Hand. And what a blessing has it not proved to you, all the days of your life, that I induced you to resume the yoke of duty and obedience! Did not everything happen as I foretold? Did not Alving turn his back on his errors, as a man should? Did he not live with you from that time, lovingly and blamelessly, all his days? Did he not become a benefactor to the whole district? And did he not help you to rise to his own level, so that you, little by little, became his assistant in all his undertakings? And a capital assistant, too﻿—oh, I know, Mrs. Alving, that praise is due to you.﻿—But now I come to the next great error in your life.

Mrs. Alving
What do you mean?

Manders
Just as you once disowned a wife’s duty, so you have since disowned a mother’s.

Mrs. Alving
Ah﻿—!

Manders
You have been all your life under the dominion of a pestilent spirit of self-will. The whole bias of your mind has been towards insubordination and lawlessness. You have never known how to endure any bond. Everything that has weighed upon you in life you have cast away without care or conscience, like a burden you were free to throw off at will. It did not please you to be a wife any longer, and you left your husband. You found it troublesome to be a mother, and you sent your child forth among strangers.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, that is true. I did so.

Manders
And thus you have become a stranger to him.

Mrs. Alving
No! no! I am not.

Manders
Yes, you are; you must be. And in what state of mind has he returned to you? Bethink yourself well, Mrs. Alving. You sinned greatly against your husband;﻿—that you recognise by raising yonder memorial to him. Recognise now, also, how you have sinned against your son﻿—there may yet be time to lead him back from the paths of error. Turn back yourself, and save what may yet be saved in him. For With uplifted forefinger verily, Mrs. Alving, you are a guilt-laden mother! This I have thought it my duty to say to you.

Silence.

Mrs. Alving
Slowly and with self-control. You have now spoken out, Pastor Manders; and tomorrow you are to speak publicly in memory of my husband. I shall not speak tomorrow. But now I will speak frankly to you, as you have spoken to me.

Manders
To be sure; you will plead excuses for your conduct﻿—

Mrs. Alving
No. I will only tell you a story.

Manders
Well﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
All that you have just said about my husband and me, and our life after you had brought me back to the path of duty﻿—as you called it﻿—about all that you know nothing from personal observation. From that moment you, who had been our intimate friend, never set foot in our house again.

Manders
You and your husband left the town immediately after.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; and in my husband’s lifetime you never came to see us. It was business that forced you to visit me when you undertook the affairs of the Orphanage.

Manders
Softly and hesitatingly. Helen﻿—if that is meant as a reproach, I would beg you to bear in mind﻿—

Mrs. Alving
—the regard you owed to your position, yes; and that I was a runaway wife. One can never be too cautious with such unprincipled creatures.

Manders
My dear﻿—Mrs. Alving, you know that is an absurd exaggeration﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Well well, suppose it is. My point is that your judgment as to my married life is founded upon nothing but common knowledge and report.

Manders
I admit that. What then?

Mrs. Alving
Well, then, Pastor Manders﻿—I will tell you the truth. I have sworn to myself that one day you should know it﻿—you alone!

Manders
What is the truth, then?

Mrs. Alving
The truth is that my husband died just as dissolute as he had lived all his days.

Manders
Feeling after a chair. What do you say?

Mrs. Alving
After nineteen years of marriage, as dissolute﻿—in his desires at any rate﻿—as he was before you married us.

Manders
And those﻿—those wild oats﻿—those irregularities﻿—those excesses, if you like﻿—you call “a dissolute life”?

Mrs. Alving
Our doctor used the expression.

Manders
I do not understand you.

Mrs. Alving
You need not.

Manders
It almost makes me dizzy. Your whole married life, the seeming union of all these years, was nothing more than a hidden abyss!

Mrs. Alving
Neither more nor less. Now you know it.

Manders
This is﻿—this is inconceivable to me. I cannot grasp it! I cannot realise it! But how was it possible to﻿—? How could such a state of things be kept secret?

Mrs. Alving
That has been my ceaseless struggle, day after day. After Oswald’s birth, I thought Alving seemed to be a little better. But it did not last long. And then I had to struggle twice as hard, fighting as though for life or death, so that nobody should know what sort of man my child’s father was. And you know what power Alving had of winning people’s hearts. Nobody seemed able to believe anything but good of him. He was one of those people whose life does not bite upon their reputation. But at last, Mr. Manders﻿—for you must know the whole story﻿—the most repulsive thing of all happened.

Manders
More repulsive than what you have told me?

Mrs. Alving
I had gone on bearing with him, although I knew very well the secrets of his life out of doors. But when he brought the scandal within our own walls﻿—

Manders
Impossible! Here!

Mrs. Alving
Yes; here in our own home. It was there pointing towards the first door on the right, in the dining room, that I first came to know of it. I was busy with something in there, and the door was standing ajar. I heard our housemaid come up from the garden, with water for those flowers.

Manders
Well﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Soon after, I heard Alving come in too. I heard him say something softly to her. And then I heard﻿—With a short laugh﻿—oh! it still sounds in my ears, so hateful and yet so ludicrous﻿—I heard my own servant-maid whisper, “Let me go, Mr. Alving! Let me be!”

Manders
What unseemly levity on his part! But it cannot have been more than levity, Mrs. Alving; believe me, it cannot.

Mrs. Alving
I soon knew what to believe. Mr. Alving had his way with the girl; and that connection had consequences, Mr. Manders.

Manders
As though petrified. Such things in this house﻿—in this house!

Mrs. Alving
I had borne a great deal in this house. To keep him at home in the evenings, and at night, I had to make myself his boon companion in his secret orgies up in his room. There I have had to sit alone with him, to clink glasses and drink with him, and to listen to his ribald, silly talk. I have had to fight with him to get him dragged to bed﻿—

Manders
Moved. And you were able to bear all this!

Mrs. Alving
I had to bear it for my little boy’s sake. But when the last insult was added; when my own servant-maid﻿—; then I swore to myself: This shall come to an end! And so I took the reins into my own hand﻿—the whole control﻿—over him and everything else. For now I had a weapon against him, you see; he dared not oppose me. It was then I sent Oswald away from home. He was nearly seven years old, and was beginning to observe and ask questions, as children do. That I could not bear. It seemed to me the child must be poisoned by merely breathing the air of this polluted home. That was why I sent him away. And now you can see, too, why he was never allowed to set foot inside his home so long as his father lived. No one knows what that cost me.

Manders
You have indeed had a life of trial.

Mrs. Alving
I could never have borne it if I had not had my work. For I may truly say that I have worked! All the additions to the estate﻿—all the improvements﻿—all the laboursaving appliances, that Alving was so much praised for having introduced﻿—do you suppose he had energy for anything of the sort?﻿—he, who lay all day on the sofa, reading an old Court Guide! No; but I may tell you this too: when he had his better intervals, it was I who urged him on; it was I who had to drag the whole load when he relapsed into his evil ways, or sank into querulous wretchedness.

Manders
And it is to this man that you raise a memorial?

Mrs. Alving
There you see the power of an evil conscience.

Manders
Evil﻿—? What do you mean?

Mrs. Alving
It always seemed to me impossible but that the truth must come out and be believed. So the Orphanage was to deaden all rumours and set every doubt at rest.

Manders
In that you have certainly not missed your aim, Mrs. Alving.

Mrs. Alving
And besides, I had one other reason. I was determined that Oswald, my own boy, should inherit nothing whatever from his father.

Manders
Then it is Alving’s fortune that﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Yes. The sums I have spent upon the Orphanage, year by year, make up the amount﻿—I have reckoned it up precisely﻿—the amount which made Lieutenant Alving “a good match” in his day.

Manders
I don’t understand﻿—

Mrs. Alving
It was my purchase-money. I do not choose that that money should pass into Oswald’s hands. My son shall have everything from me﻿—everything.

Oswald Alving enters through the second door to the right; he has taken off his hat and overcoat in the hall.

Mrs. Alving
Going towards him. Are you back again already? My dear, dear boy!

Oswald
Yes. What can a fellow do out of doors in this eternal rain? But I hear dinner is ready. That’s capital!

Regina
With a parcel, from the dining room. A parcel has come for you, Mrs. Alving. Hands it to her.

Mrs. Alving
With a glance at Mr. Manders. No doubt copies of the ode for tomorrow’s ceremony.

Manders
H’m﻿—

Regina
And dinner is ready.

Mrs. Alving
Very well. We will come directly. I will just﻿—Begins to open the parcel.

Regina
To Oswald. Would Mr. Alving like red or white wine?

Oswald
Both, if you please.

Regina
Bien. Very well, sir. She goes into the dining room.

Oswald
I may as well help to uncork it. He also goes into the dining room, the door of which swings half open behind him.

Mrs. Alving
Who has opened the parcel. Yes, I thought so. Here is the Ceremonial Ode, Pastor Manders.

Manders
With folded hands. With what countenance I am to deliver my discourse tomorrow﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
Oh, you will get through it somehow.

Manders
Softly, so as not to be heard in the dining room. Yes; it would not do to provoke scandal.

Mrs. Alving
Under her breath, but firmly. No. But then this long, hateful comedy will be ended. From the day after tomorrow, I shall act in every way as though he who is dead had never lived in this house. There shall be no one here but my boy and his mother.

From the dining room comes the noise of a chair overturned, and at the same moment is heard:

Regina
Sharply, but in a whisper. Oswald! take care! are you mad? Let me go!

Mrs. Alving
Starts in terror. Ah﻿—!

She stares wildly towards the half-open door. Oswald is heard laughing and humming. A bottle is uncorked.

Manders
Agitated. What can be the matter? What is it, Mrs. Alving?

Mrs. Alving
Hoarsely. Ghosts! The couple from the conservatory﻿—risen again!

Manders
Is it possible! Regina﻿—? Is she﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Yes. Come. Not a word﻿—!

She seizes Pastor Manders by the arm, and walks unsteadily towards the dining room.

Act II

The same room. The mist still lies heavy over the landscape.

Manders and Mrs. Alving enter from the dining room.

Mrs. Alving
Still in the doorway. Velbekomme4 Mr. Manders. Turns back towards the dining room. Aren’t you coming too, Oswald?

Oswald
From within. No, thank you. I think I shall go out a little.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, do. The weather seems a little brighter now. She shuts the dining room door, goes to the hall door, and calls: Regina!

Regina
Outside. Yes, Mrs. Alving?

Mrs. Alving
Go down to the laundry, and help with the garlands.

Regina
Yes, Mrs. Alving.

Mrs. Alving assures herself that Regina goes; then shuts the door.

Manders
I suppose he cannot overhear us in there?

Mrs. Alving
Not when the door is shut. Besides, he’s just going out.

Manders
I am still quite upset. I don’t know how I could swallow a morsel of dinner.

Mrs. Alving
Controlling her nervousness, walks up and down. Nor I. But what is to be done now?

Manders
Yes; what is to be done? I am really quite at a loss. I am so utterly without experience in matters of this sort.

Mrs. Alving
I feel sure that, so far, no mischief has been done.

Manders
No; heaven forbid! But it is an unseemly state of things, nevertheless.

Mrs. Alving
It is only an idle fancy on Oswald’s part; you may be sure of that.

Manders
Well, as I say, I am not accustomed to affairs of the kind. But I should certainly think﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Out of the house she must go, and that immediately. That is as clear as daylight﻿—

Manders
Yes, of course she must.

Mrs. Alving
But where to? It would not be right to﻿—

Manders
Where to? Home to her father, of course.

Mrs. Alving
To whom did you say?

Manders
To her﻿—But then, Engstrand is not﻿—? Good God, Mrs. Alving, it’s impossible! You must be mistaken after all.

Mrs. Alving
Unfortunately there is no possibility of mistake. Johanna confessed everything to me; and Alving could not deny it. So there was nothing to be done but to get the matter hushed up.

Manders
No, you could do nothing else.

Mrs. Alving
The girl left our service at once, and got a good sum of money to hold her tongue for the time. The rest she managed for herself when she got to town. She renewed her old acquaintance with Engstrand, no doubt let him see that she had money in her purse, and told him some tale about a foreigner who put in here with a yacht that summer. So she and Engstrand got married in hot haste. Why, you married them yourself.

Manders
But then how to account for﻿—? I recollect distinctly Engstrand coming to give notice of the marriage. He was quite overwhelmed with contrition, and bitterly reproached himself for the misbehaviour he and his sweetheart had been guilty of.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; of course he had to take the blame upon himself.

Manders
But such a piece of duplicity on his part! And towards me too! I never could have believed it of Jacob Engstrand. I shall not fail to take him seriously to task; he may be sure of that.﻿—And then the immorality of such a connection! For money﻿—! How much did the girl receive?

Mrs. Alving
Three hundred dollars.

Manders
Just think of it﻿—for a miserable three hundred dollars, to go and marry a fallen woman!

Mrs. Alving
Then what have you to say of me? I went and married a fallen man.

Manders
Why﻿—good heavens!﻿—what are you talking about! A fallen man!

Mrs. Alving
Do you think Alving was any purer when I went with him to the altar than Johanna was when Engstrand married her?

Manders
Well, but there is a world of difference between the two cases﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Not so much difference after all﻿—except in the price:﻿—a miserable three hundred dollars and a whole fortune.

Manders
How can you compare such absolutely dissimilar cases? You had taken counsel with your own heart and with your natural advisers.

Mrs. Alving
Without looking at him. I thought you understood where what you call my heart had strayed to at the time.

Manders
Distantly. Had I understood anything of the kind, I should not have been a daily guest in your husband’s house.

Mrs. Alving
At any rate, the fact remains that with myself I took no counsel whatever.

Manders
Well then, with your nearest relatives﻿—as your duty bade you﻿—with your mother and your two aunts.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, that is true. Those three cast up the account for me. Oh, it’s marvellous how clearly they made out that it would be downright madness to refuse such an offer. If Mother could only see me now, and know what all that grandeur has come to!

Manders
Nobody can be held responsible for the result. This, at least, remains clear: your marriage was in full accordance with law and order.

Mrs. Alving
At the window. Oh, that perpetual law and order! I often think that is what does all the mischief in this world of ours.

Manders
Mrs. Alving, that is a sinful way of talking.

Mrs. Alving
Well, I can’t help it; I must have done with all this constraint and insincerity. I can endure it no longer. I must work my way out to freedom.

Manders
What do you mean by that?

Mrs. Alving
Drumming on the window frame. I ought never to have concealed the facts of Alving’s life. But at that time I dared not do anything else﻿—I was afraid, partly on my own account. I was such a coward.

Manders
A coward?

Mrs. Alving
If people had come to know anything, they would have said﻿—“Poor man! with a runaway wife, no wonder he kicks over the traces.”

Manders
Such remarks might have been made with a certain show of right.

Mrs. Alving
Looking steadily at him. If I were what I ought to be, I should go to Oswald and say, “Listen, my boy: your father led a vicious life﻿—”

Manders
Merciful heavens﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
—and then I should tell him all I have told you﻿—every word of it.

Manders
You shock me unspeakably, Mrs. Alving.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; I know that. I know that very well. I myself am shocked at the idea. Goes away from the window. I am such a coward.

Manders
You call it “cowardice” to do your plain duty? Have you forgotten that a son ought to love and honour his father and mother?

Mrs. Alving
Do not let us talk in such general terms. Let us ask: Ought Oswald to love and honour Chamberlain Alving?

Manders
Is there no voice in your mother’s heart that forbids you to destroy your son’s ideals?

Mrs. Alving
But what about the truth?

Manders
But what about the ideals?

Mrs. Alving
Oh﻿—ideals, ideals! If only I were not such a coward!

Manders
Do not despise ideals, Mrs. Alving; they will avenge themselves cruelly. Take Oswald’s case: he, unfortunately, seems to have few enough ideals as it is; but I can see that his father stands before him as an ideal.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, that is true.

Manders
And this habit of mind you have yourself implanted and fostered by your letters.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; in my superstitious awe for duty and the proprieties, I lied to my boy, year after year. Oh, what a coward﻿—what a coward I have been!

Manders
You have established a happy illusion in your son’s heart, Mrs. Alving; and assuredly you ought not to undervalue it.

Mrs. Alving
H’m; who knows whether it is so happy after all﻿—? But, at any rate, I will not have any tampering with Regina. He shall not go and wreck the poor girl’s life.

Manders
No; good God﻿—that would be terrible!

Mrs. Alving
If I knew he was in earnest, and that it would be for his happiness﻿—

Manders
What? What then?

Mrs. Alving
But it couldn’t be; for unfortunately Regina is not the right sort of woman.

Manders
Well, what then? What do you mean?

Mrs. Alving
If I weren’t such a pitiful coward, I should say to him, “Marry her, or make what arrangement you please, only let us have nothing underhand about it.”

Manders
Merciful heavens, would you let them marry! Anything so dreadful﻿—! so unheard of﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Do you really mean “unheard of”? Frankly, Pastor Manders, do you suppose that throughout the country there are not plenty of married couples as closely akin as they?

Manders
I don’t in the least understand you.

Mrs. Alving
Oh yes, indeed you do.

Manders
Ah, you are thinking of the possibility that﻿—Alas! yes, family life is certainly not always so pure as it ought to be. But in such a case as you point to, one can never know﻿—at least with any certainty. Here, on the other hand﻿—that you, a mother, can think of letting your son﻿—

Mrs. Alving
But I cannot﻿—I wouldn’t for anything in the world; that is precisely what I am saying.

Manders
No, because you are a “coward,” as you put it. But if you were not a “coward,” then﻿—? Good God! a connection so shocking!

Mrs. Alving
So far as that goes, they say we are all sprung from connections of that sort. And who is it that arranged the world so, Pastor Manders?

Manders
Questions of that kind I must decline to discuss with you, Mrs. Alving; you are far from being in the right frame of mind for them. But that you dare to call your scruples “cowardly”﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
Let me tell you what I mean. I am timid and fainthearted because of the ghosts that hang about me, and that I can never quite shake off.

Manders
What do you say hangs about you?

Mrs. Alving
Ghosts! When I heard Regina and Oswald in there, it was as though ghosts rose up before me. But I almost think we are all of us ghosts, Pastor Manders. It is not only what we have inherited from our father and mother that “walks” in us. It is all sorts of dead ideas, and lifeless old beliefs, and so forth. They have no vitality, but they cling to us all the same, and we cannot shake them off. Whenever I take up a newspaper, I seem to see ghosts gliding between the lines. There must be ghosts all the country over, as thick as the sands of the sea. And then we are, one and all, so pitifully afraid of the light.

Manders
Aha﻿—here we have the fruits of your reading. And pretty fruits they are, upon my word! Oh, those horrible, revolutionary, freethinking books!

Mrs. Alving
You are mistaken, my dear Pastor. It was you yourself who set me thinking; and I thank you for it with all my heart.

Manders
I!

Mrs. Alving
Yes﻿—when you forced me under the yoke of what you called duty and obligation; when you lauded as right and proper what my whole soul rebelled against as something loathsome. It was then that I began to look into the seams of your doctrines. I wanted only to pick at a single knot; but when I had got that undone, the whole thing ravelled out. And then I understood that it was all machine-sewn.

Manders
Softly, with emotion. And was that the upshot of my life’s hardest battle?

Mrs. Alving
Call it rather your most pitiful defeat.

Manders
It was my greatest victory, Helen﻿—the victory over myself.

Mrs. Alving
It was a crime against us both.

Manders
When you went astray, and came to me crying, “Here I am; take me!” I commanded you, saying, “Woman, go home to your lawful husband.” Was that a crime?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, I think so.

Manders
We two do not understand each other.

Mrs. Alving
Not now, at any rate.

Manders
Never﻿—never in my most secret thoughts have I regarded you otherwise than as another’s wife.

Mrs. Alving
Oh﻿—indeed?

Manders
Helen﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
People so easily forget their past selves.

Manders
I do not. I am what I always was.

Mrs. Alving
Changing the subject. Well well well; don’t let us talk of old times any longer. You are now over head and ears in Boards and Committees, and I am fighting my battle with ghosts, both within me and without.

Manders
Those without I shall help you to lay. After all the terrible things I have heard from you today, I cannot in conscience permit an unprotected girl to remain in your house.

Mrs. Alving
Don’t you think the best plan would be to get her provided for?﻿—I mean, by a good marriage.

Manders
No doubt. I think it would be desirable for her in every respect. Regina is now at the age when﻿—Of course I don’t know much about these things, but﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Regina matured very early.

Manders
Yes, I thought so. I have an impression that she was remarkably well developed, physically, when I prepared her for confirmation. But in the meantime, she ought to be at home, under her father’s eye﻿—Ah! but Engstrand is not﻿—That he﻿—that he﻿—could so hide the truth from me! A knock at the door into the hall.

Mrs. Alving
Who can this be? Come in!

Engstrand
In his Sunday clothes, in the doorway. I humbly beg your pardon, but﻿—

Manders
Aha! H’m﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Is that you, Engstrand?

Engstrand
—there was none of the servants about, so I took the great liberty of just knocking.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, very well. Come in. Do you want to speak to me?

Engstrand
Comes in. No, I’m obliged to you, ma’am; it was with his Reverence I wanted to have a word or two.

Manders
Walking up and down the room. Ah﻿—indeed! You want to speak to me, do you?

Engstrand
Yes, I’d like so terrible much to﻿—

Manders
Stops in front of him. Well; may I ask what you want?

Engstrand
Well, it was just this, your Reverence: we’ve been paid off down yonder﻿—my grateful thanks to you, ma’am﻿—and now everything’s finished, I’ve been thinking it would be but right and proper if we, that have been working so honestly together all this time﻿—well, I was thinking we ought to end up with a little prayer-meeting tonight.

Manders
A prayer-meeting? Down at the Orphanage?

Engstrand
Oh, if your Reverence doesn’t think it proper﻿—

Manders
Oh yes, I do; but﻿—h’m﻿—

Engstrand
I’ve been in the habit of offering up a little prayer in the evenings, myself﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Have you?

Engstrand
Yes, every now and then just a little edification, in a manner of speaking. But I’m a poor, common man, and have little enough gift, God help me!﻿—and so I thought, as the Reverend Mr. Manders happened to be here, I’d﻿—

Manders
Well, you see, Engstrand, I have a question to put to you first. Are you in the right frame of mind for such a meeting! Do you feel your conscience clear and at ease?

Engstrand
Oh, God help us, your Reverence! we’d better not talk about conscience.

Manders
Yes, that is just what we must talk about. What have you to answer?

Engstrand
Why﻿—a man’s conscience﻿—it can be bad enough now and then.

Manders
Ah, you admit that. Then perhaps you will make a clean breast of it, and tell me﻿—the real truth about Regina?

Mrs. Alving
Quickly. Mr. Manders!

Manders
Reassuringly. Please allow me﻿—

Engstrand
About Regina! Lord, what a turn you gave me! Looks at Mrs. Alving. There’s nothing wrong about Regina, is there?

Manders
We will hope not. But I mean, what is the truth about you and Regina? You pass for her father, eh!

Engstrand
Uncertain. Well﻿—h’m﻿—your Reverence knows all about me and poor Johanna.

Manders
Come now, no more prevarication! Your wife told Mrs. Alving the whole story before quitting her service.

Engstrand
Well, then, may﻿—! Now, did she really?

Manders
You see we know you now, Engstrand.

Engstrand
And she swore and took her Bible oath﻿—

Manders
Did she take her Bible oath?

Engstrand
No; she only swore; but she did it that solemn-like.

Manders
And you have hidden the truth from me all these years? Hidden it from me, who have trusted you without reserve, in everything.

Engstrand
Well, I can’t deny it.

Manders
Have I deserved this of you, Engstrand? Have I not always been ready to help you in word and deed, so far as it lay in my power? Answer me. Have I not?

Engstrand
It would have been a poor lookout for me many a time but for the Reverend Mr. Manders.

Manders
And this is how you reward me! You cause me to enter falsehoods in the Church Register, and you withhold from me, year after year, the explanations you owed alike to me and to the truth. Your conduct has been wholly inexcusable, Engstrand; and from this time forward I have done with you!

Engstrand
With a sigh. Yes! I suppose there’s no help for it.

Manders
How can you possibly justify yourself?

Engstrand
Who could ever have thought she’d have gone and made bad worse by talking about it? Will your Reverence just fancy yourself in the same trouble as poor Johanna﻿—

Manders
I!

Engstrand
Lord bless you, I don’t mean just exactly the same. But I mean, if your Reverence had anything to be ashamed of in the eyes of the world, as the saying goes. We menfolk oughtn’t to judge a poor woman too hardly, your Reverence.

Manders
I am not doing so. It is you I am reproaching.

Engstrand
Might I make so bold as to ask your Reverence a bit of a question?

Manders
Yes, if you want to.

Engstrand
Isn’t it right and proper for a man to raise up the fallen?

Manders
Most certainly it is.

Engstrand
And isn’t a man bound to keep his sacred word?

Manders
Why, of course he is; but﻿—

Engstrand
When Johanna had got into trouble through that Englishman﻿—or it might have been an American or a Russian, as they call them﻿—well, you see, she came down into the town. Poor thing, she’d sent me about my business once or twice before: for she couldn’t bear the sight of anything as wasn’t handsome; and I’d got this damaged leg of mine. Your Reverence recollects how I ventured up into a dancing saloon, where seafaring men was carrying on with drink and devilry, as the saying goes. And then, when I was for giving them a bit of an admonition to lead a new life﻿—

Mrs. Alving
At the window. H’m﻿—

Manders
I know all about that, Engstrand; the ruffians threw you downstairs. You have told me of the affair already. Your infirmity is an honour to you.

Engstrand
I’m not puffed up about it, your Reverence. But what I wanted to say was, that when she came and confessed all to me, with weeping and gnashing of teeth, I can tell your Reverence I was sore at heart to hear it.

Manders
Were you indeed, Engstrand? Well, go on.

Engstrand
So I says to her, “The American, he’s sailing about on the boundless sea. And as for you, Johanna,” says I, “you’ve committed a grievous sin, and you’re a fallen creature. But Jacob Engstrand,” says I, “he’s got two good legs to stand upon, he has﻿—” You see, your Reverence, I was speaking figurative-like.

Manders
I understand quite well. Go on.

Engstrand
Well, that was how I raised her up and made an honest woman of her, so as folks shouldn’t get to know how as she’d gone astray with foreigners.

Manders
In all that you acted very well. Only I cannot approve of your stooping to take money﻿—

Engstrand
Money? I? Not a farthing!

Manders
Inquiringly to Mrs. Alving. But﻿—

Engstrand
Oh, wait a minute!﻿—now I recollect. Johanna did have a trifle of money. But I would have nothing to do with that. “No,” says I, “that’s mammon; that’s the wages of sin. This dirty gold﻿—or notes, or whatever it was﻿—we’ll just flint, that back in the American’s face,” says I. But he was off and away, over the stormy sea, your Reverence.

Manders
Was he really, my good fellow?

Engstrand
He was indeed, sir. So Johanna and I, we agreed that the money should go to the child’s education; and so it did, and I can account for every blessed farthing of it.

Manders
Why, this alters the case considerably.

Engstrand
That’s just how it stands, your Reverence. And I make so bold as to say as I’ve been an honest father to Regina, so far as my poor strength went; for I’m but a weak vessel, worse luck!

Manders
Well, well, my good fellow﻿—

Engstrand
All the same, I bear myself witness as I’ve brought up the child, and lived kindly with poor Johanna, and ruled over my own house, as the Scripture has it. But it couldn’t never enter my head to go to your Reverence and puff myself up and boast because even the likes of me had done some good in the world. No, sir; when anything of that sort happens to Jacob Engstrand, he holds his tongue about it. It don’t happen so terrible often, I daresay. And when I do come to see your Reverence, I find a mortal deal that’s wicked and weak to talk about. For I said it before, and I says it again﻿—a man’s conscience isn’t always as clean as it might be.

Manders
Give me your hand, Jacob Engstrand.

Engstrand
Oh, Lord! your Reverence﻿—

Manders
Come, no nonsense. Wrings his hand. There we are!

Engstrand
And if I might humbly beg your Reverence’s pardon﻿—

Manders
You? On the contrary, it is I who ought to beg your pardon﻿—

Engstrand
Lord, no, Sir!

Manders
Yes, assuredly. And I do it with all my heart. Forgive me for misunderstanding you. I only wish I could give you some proof of my hearty regret, and of my goodwill towards you﻿—

Engstrand
Would your Reverence do it?

Manders
With the greatest pleasure.

Engstrand
Well then, here’s the very chance. With the bit of money I’ve saved here, I was thinking I might set up a Sailors’ Home down in the town.

Mrs. Alving
You?

Engstrand
Yes; it might be a sort of Orphanage, too, in a manner of speaking. There’s such a many temptations for seafaring folk ashore. But in this Home of mine, a man might feel like as he was under a father’s eye, I was thinking.

Manders
What do you say to this, Mrs. Alving?

Engstrand
It isn’t much as I’ve got to start with, Lord help me! But if I could only find a helping hand, why﻿—

Manders
Yes, yes; we will look into the matter more closely. I entirely approve of your plan. But now, go before me and make everything ready, and get the candles lighted, so as to give the place an air of festivity. And then we will pass an edifying hour together, my good fellow; for now I quite believe you are in the right frame of mind.

Engstrand
Yes, I trust I am. And so I’ll say goodbye, ma’am, and thank you kindly; and take good care of Regina for me﻿—Wipes a tear from his eye﻿—poor Johanna’s child. Well, it’s a queer thing, now; but it’s just like as if she’d growd into the very apple of my eye. It is, indeed. He bows and goes out through the hall.

Manders
Well, what do you say of that man now, Mrs. Alving? That was a very different account of matters, was it not?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, it certainly was.

Manders
It only shows how excessively careful one ought to be in judging one’s fellow creatures. But what a heartfelt joy it is to ascertain that one has been mistaken! Don’t you think so?

Mrs. Alving
I think you are, and will always be, a great baby, Manders.

Manders
I?

Mrs. Alving
Laying her two hands upon his shoulders. And I say that I have half a mind to put my arms round your neck, and kiss you.

Manders
Stepping hastily back. No, no! God bless me! What an idea!

Mrs. Alving
With a smile. Oh, you needn’t be afraid of me.

Manders
By the table. You have sometimes such an exaggerated way of expressing yourself. Now, let me just collect all the documents, and put them in my bag. He does so. There, that’s all right. And now, goodbye for the present. Keep your eyes open when Oswald comes back. I shall look in again later. He takes his hat and goes out through the hall door.

Mrs. Alving
Sighs, looks for a moment out of the window, sets the room in order a little, and is about to go into the dining room, but stops at the door with a half-suppressed cry. Oswald, are you still at table?

Oswald
In the dining room. I’m only finishing my cigar.

Mrs. Alving
I thought you had gone for a little walk.

Oswald
In such weather as this?

A glass clinks. Mrs. Alving leaves the door open, and sits down with her knitting on the sofa by the window.

Oswald
Wasn’t that Pastor Manders that went out just now?

Mrs. Alving
Yes; he went down to the Orphanage.

Oswald
H’m. The glass and decanter clink again.

Mrs. Alving
With a troubled glance. Dear Oswald, you should take care of that liqueur. It is strong.

Oswald
It keeps out the damp.

Mrs. Alving
Wouldn’t you rather come in here, to me?

Oswald
I mayn’t smoke in there.

Mrs. Alving
You know quite well you may smoke cigars.

Oswald
Oh, all right then; I’ll come in. Just a tiny drop more first. There! He comes into the room with his cigar, and shuts the door after him. A short silence. Where has the pastor gone to?

Mrs. Alving
I have just told you; he went down to the Orphanage.

Oswald
Oh, yes; so you did.

Mrs. Alving
You shouldn’t sit so long at table, Oswald.

Oswald
Holding his cigar behind him. But I find it so pleasant, Mother. Strokes and caresses her. Just think what it is for me to come home and sit at mother’s own table, in mother’s room, and eat mother’s delicious dishes.

Mrs. Alving
My dear, dear boy!

Oswald
Somewhat impatiently, walks about and smokes. And what else can I do with myself here? I can’t set to work at anything.

Mrs. Alving
Why can’t you?

Oswald
In such weather as this? Without a single ray of sunshine the whole day? Walks up the room. Oh, not to be able to work﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
Perhaps it was not quite wise of you to come home?

Oswald
Oh, yes, Mother; I had to.

Mrs. Alving
You know I would ten times rather forgo the joy of having you here, than let you﻿—

Oswald
Stops beside the table. Now just tell me, Mother: does it really make you so very happy to have me home again?

Mrs. Alving
Does it make me happy!

Oswald
Crumpling up a newspaper. I should have thought it must be pretty much the same to you whether I was in existence or not.

Mrs. Alving
Have you the heart to say that to your mother, Oswald?

Oswald
But you’ve got on very well without me all this time.

Mrs. Alving
Yes; I have got on without you. That is true.

A silence. Twilight slowly begins to fall. Oswald paces to and fro across the room. He has laid his cigar down.

Oswald
Stops beside Mrs. Alving. Mother, may I sit on the sofa beside you?

Mrs. Alving
Makes room for him. Yes, do, my dear boy.

Oswald
Sits down. There is something I must tell you, Mother.

Mrs. Alving
Anxiously. Well?

Oswald
Looks fixedly before him. For I can’t go on hiding it any longer.

Mrs. Alving
Hiding what? What is it?

Oswald
As before. I could never bring myself to write to you about it; and since I’ve come home﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Seizes him by the arm. Oswald, what is the matter?

Oswald
Both yesterday and today I have tried to put the thoughts away from me﻿—to cast them off; but it’s no use.

Mrs. Alving
Rising. Now you must tell me everything, Oswald!

Oswald
Draws her down to the sofa again. Sit still; and then I will try to tell you.﻿—I complained of fatigue after my journey﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Well? What then?

Oswald
But it isn’t that that is the matter with me; not any ordinary fatigue﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Tries to jump up. You are not ill, Oswald?

Oswald
Draws her down again. Sit still, Mother. Do take it quietly. I’m not downright ill, either; not what is commonly called “ill.” Clasps his hands above his head. Mother, my mind is broken down﻿—ruined﻿—I shall never be able to work again! With his hands before his face, he buries his head in her lap, and breaks into bitter sobbing.

Mrs. Alving
White and trembling. Oswald! Look at me! No, no; it’s not true.

Oswald
Looks up with despair in his eyes. Never to be able to work again! Never!﻿—never! A living death! Mother, can you imagine anything so horrible?

Mrs. Alving
My poor boy! How has this horrible thing come upon you?

Oswald
Sitting upright again. That’s just what I cannot possibly grasp or understand. I have never led a dissipated life﻿—never, in any respect. You mustn’t believe that of me, Mother! I’ve never done that.

Mrs. Alving
I am sure you haven’t, Oswald.

Oswald
And yet this has come upon me just the same﻿—this awful misfortune!

Mrs. Alving
Oh, but it will pass over, my dear, blessed boy. It’s nothing but overwork. Trust me, I am right.

Oswald
Sadly. I thought so too, at first; but it isn’t so.

Mrs. Alving
Tell me everything, from beginning to end.

Oswald
Yes, I will.

Mrs. Alving
When did you first notice it?

Oswald
It was directly after I had been home last time, and had got back to Paris again. I began to feel the most violent pains in my head﻿—chiefly in the back of my head, they seemed to come. It was as though a tight iron ring was being screwed round my neck and upwards.

Mrs. Alving
Well, and then?

Oswald
At first I thought it was nothing but the ordinary headache I had been so plagued with while I was growing up﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Yes, yes﻿—

Oswald
But it wasn’t that. I soon found that out. I couldn’t work any more. I wanted to begin upon a big new picture, but my powers seemed to fail me; all my strength was crippled; I could form no definite images; everything swam before me﻿—whirling round and round. Oh, it was an awful state! At last I sent for a doctor﻿—and from him I learned the truth.

Mrs. Alving
How do you mean?

Oswald
He was one of the first doctors in Paris. I told him my symptoms; and then he set to work asking me a string of questions which I thought had nothing to do with the matter. I couldn’t imagine what the man was after﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Well?

Oswald
At last he said: “There has been something worm-eaten in you from your birth.” He used that very word﻿—vermoulu.

Mrs. Alving
Breathlessly. What did he mean by that?

Oswald
I didn’t understand either, and begged him to explain himself more clearly. And then the old cynic said﻿—Clenching his fist. Oh﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
What did he say?

Oswald
He said, “The sins of the fathers are visited upon the children.”

Mrs. Alving
Rising slowly. The sins of the fathers﻿—!

Oswald
I very nearly struck him in the face﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Walks away across the room. The sins of the fathers﻿—

Oswald
Smiles sadly. Yes; what do you think of that? Of course I assured him that such a thing was out of the question. But do you think he gave in? No, he stuck to it; and it was only when I produced your letters and translated the passages relating to father﻿—

Mrs. Alving
But then﻿—?

Oswald
Then of course he had to admit that he was on the wrong track; and so I learned the truth﻿—the incomprehensible truth! I ought not to have taken part with my comrades in that lighthearted, glorious life of theirs. It had been too much for my strength. So I had brought it upon myself!

Mrs. Alving
Oswald! No, no; do not believe it!

Oswald
No other explanation was possible, he said. That’s the awful part of it. Incurably ruined for life﻿—by my own heedlessness! All that I meant to have done in the world﻿—I never dare think of it again﻿—I’m not able to think of it. Oh! if I could only live over again, and undo all I have done! He buries his face in the sofa.

Mrs. Alving
Wrings her hands and walks, in silent struggle, backwards and forwards.

Oswald
After a while, looks up and remains resting upon his elbow. If it had only been something inherited﻿—something one wasn’t responsible for! But this! To have thrown away so shamefully, thoughtlessly, recklessly, one’s own happiness, one’s own health, everything in the world﻿—one’s future, one’s very life﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
No, no, my dear, darling boy; this is impossible! Bends over him. Things are not so desperate as you think.

Oswald
Oh, you don’t know﻿—Springs up. And then, Mother, to cause you all this sorrow! Many a time I have almost wished and hoped that at bottom you didn’t care so very much about me.

Mrs. Alving
I, Oswald? My only boy! You are all I have in the world! The only thing I care about!

Oswald
Seizes both her hands and kisses them. Yes, yes, I see it. When I’m at home, I see it, of course; and that’s almost the hardest part for me.﻿—But now you know the whole story and now we won’t talk any more about it today. I daren’t think of it for long together. Goes up the room. Get me something to drink, Mother.

Mrs. Alving
To drink? What do you want to drink now?

Oswald
Oh, anything you like. You have some cold punch in the house.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, but my dear Oswald﻿—

Oswald
Don’t refuse me, Mother. Do be kind, now! I must have something to wash down all these gnawing thoughts. Goes into the conservatory. And then﻿—it’s so dark here! Mrs. Alving pulls a bell-rope on the right. And this ceaseless rain! It may go on week after week, for months together. Never to get a glimpse of the sun! I can’t recollect ever having seen the sun shine all the times I’ve been at home.

Mrs. Alving
Oswald﻿—you are thinking of going away from me.

Oswald
H’m﻿—Drawing a heavy breath.﻿—I’m not thinking of anything. I cannot think of anything! In a low voice. I let thinking alone.

Regina
From the dining room. Did you ring, ma’am?

Mrs. Alving
Yes; let us have the lamp in.

Regina
Yes, ma’am. It’s ready lighted. Goes out.

Mrs. Alving
Goes across to Oswald. Oswald, be frank with me.

Oswald
Well, so I am, Mother. Goes to the table. I think I have told you enough.

Regina brings the lamp and sets it upon the table.

Mrs. Alving
Regina, you may bring us a small bottle of champagne.

Regina
Very well, ma’am. Goes out.

Oswald
Puts his arm round Mrs. Alving’s neck. That’s just what I wanted. I knew mother wouldn’t let her boy go thirsty.

Mrs. Alving
My own, poor, darling Oswald; how could I deny you anything now?

Oswald
Eagerly. Is that true, Mother? Do you mean it?

Mrs. Alving
How? What?

Oswald
That you couldn’t deny me anything.

Mrs. Alving
My dear Oswald﻿—

Oswald
Hush!

Regina
Brings a tray with a half-bottle of champagne and two glasses, which she sets on the table. Shall I open it?

Oswald
No, thanks. I will do it myself.

Regina goes out again.

Mrs. Alving
Sits down by the table. What was it you meant﻿—that I mustn’t deny you?

Oswald
Busy opening the bottle. First let us have a glass﻿—or two.

The cork pops; he pours wine into one glass, and is about to pour it into the other.

Mrs. Alving
Holding her hand over it. Thanks; not for me.

Oswald
Oh! won’t you? Then I will!

He empties the glass, fills, and empties it again; then he sits down by the table.

Mrs. Alving
In expectancy. Well?

Oswald
Without looking at her. Tell me﻿—I thought you and Pastor Manders seemed so odd﻿—so quiet﻿—at dinner today.

Mrs. Alving
Did you notice it?

Oswald
Yes. H’m﻿—After a short silence. Tell me: what do you think of Regina?

Mrs. Alving
What do I think?

Oswald
Yes; isn’t she splendid?

Mrs. Alving
My dear Oswald, you don’t know her as I do﻿—

Oswald
Well?

Mrs. Alving
Regina, unfortunately, was allowed to stay at home too long. I ought to have taken her earlier into my house.

Oswald
Yes, but isn’t she splendid to look at, Mother? He fills his glass.

Mrs. Alving
Regina has many serious faults﻿—

Oswald
Oh, what does that matter? He drinks again.

Mrs. Alving
But I am fond of her, nevertheless, and I am responsible for her. I wouldn’t for all the world have any harm happen to her.

Oswald
Springs up. Mother, Regina is my only salvation!

Mrs. Alving
Rising. What do you mean by that?

Oswald
I cannot go on bearing all this anguish of soul alone.

Mrs. Alving
Have you not your mother to share it with you?

Oswald
Yes; that’s what I thought; and so I came home to you. But that will not do. I see it won’t do. I cannot endure my life here.

Mrs. Alving
Oswald!

Oswald
I must live differently, Mother. That is why I must leave you. I will not have you looking on at it.

Mrs. Alving
My unhappy boy! But, Oswald, while you are so ill as this﻿—

Oswald
If it were only the illness, I should stay with you, Mother, you may be sure; for you are the best friend I have in the world.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, indeed I am, Oswald; am I not?

Oswald
Wanders restlessly about. But it’s all the torment, the gnawing remorse﻿—and then, the great, killing dread. Oh﻿—that awful dread!

Mrs. Alving
Walking after him. Dread? What dread? What do you mean?

Oswald
Oh, you mustn’t ask me any more. I don’t know. I can’t describe it.

Mrs. Alving
Goes over to the right and pulls the bell.

Oswald
What is it you want?

Mrs. Alving
I want my boy to be happy﻿—that is what I want. He shan’t go on brooding over things. To Regina, who appears at the door: More champagne﻿—a large bottle. Regina goes.

Oswald
Mother!

Mrs. Alving
Do you think we don’t know how to live here at home?

Oswald
Isn’t she splendid to look at? How beautifully she’s built! And so thoroughly healthy!

Mrs. Alving
Sits by the table. Sit down, Oswald; let us talk quietly together.

Oswald
Sits. I daresay you don’t know, Mother, that I owe Regina some reparation.

Mrs. Alving
You!

Oswald
For a bit of thoughtlessness, or whatever you like to call it﻿—very innocent, at any rate. When I was home last time﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Well?

Oswald
She used often to ask me about Paris, and I used to tell her one thing and another. Then I recollect I happened to say to her one day, “Shouldn’t you like to go there yourself?”

Mrs. Alving
Well?

Oswald
I saw her face flush, and then she said, “Yes, I should like it of all things.” “Ah, well,” I replied, “it might perhaps be managed”﻿—or something like that.

Mrs. Alving
And then?

Oswald
Of course I had forgotten all about it; but the day before yesterday I happened to ask her whether she was glad I was to stay at home so long﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Yes?

Oswald
And then she gave me such a strange look, and asked, “But what’s to become of my trip to Paris?”

Mrs. Alving
Her trip!

Oswald
And so it came out that she had taken the thing seriously; that she had been thinking of me the whole time, and had set to work to learn French﻿—

Mrs. Alving
So that was why﻿—!

Oswald
Mother﻿—when I saw that fresh, lovely, splendid girl standing there before me﻿—till then I had hardly noticed her﻿—but when she stood there as though with open arms ready to receive me﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Oswald!

Oswald
—then it flashed upon me that in her lay my salvation; for I saw that she was full of the joy of life.

Mrs. Alving
Starts. The joy of life? Can there be salvation in that?

Regina
From the dining room, with a bottle of champagne. I’m sorry to have been so long, but I had to go to the cellar. Places the bottle on the table.

Oswald
And now bring another glass.

Regina
Looks at him in surprise. There is Mrs. Alving’s glass, Mr. Alving.

Oswald
Yes, but bring one for yourself, Regina. Regina starts and gives a lightning-like side glance at Mrs. Alving. Why do you wait?

Regina
Softly and hesitatingly. Is it Mrs. Alving’s wish?

Mrs. Alving
Bring the glass, Regina.

Regina goes out into the dining room.

Oswald
Follows her with his eyes. Have you noticed how she walks?﻿—so firmly and lightly!

Mrs. Alving
This can never be, Oswald!

Oswald
It’s a settled thing. Can’t you see that? It’s no use saying anything against it.

Regina enters with an empty glass, which she keeps in her hand.

Oswald
Sit down, Regina.

Regina looks inquiringly at Mrs. Alving.

Mrs. Alving
Sit down. Regina sits on a chair by the dining room door, still holding the empty glass in her hand. Oswald﻿—what were you saying about the joy of life?

Oswald
Ah, the joy of life, Mother﻿—that’s a thing you don’t know much about in these parts. I have never felt it here.

Mrs. Alving
Not when you are with me?

Oswald
Not when I’m at home. But you don’t understand that.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, yes; I think I almost understand it﻿—now.

Oswald
And then, too, the joy of work! At bottom, it’s the same thing. But that, too, you know nothing about.

Mrs. Alving
Perhaps you are right. Tell me more about it, Oswald.

Oswald
I only mean that here people are brought up to believe that work is a curse and a punishment for sin, and that life is something miserable, something it would be best to have done with, the sooner the better.

Mrs. Alving
“A vale of tears,” yes; and we certainly do our best to make it one.

Oswald
But in the great world people won’t hear of such things. There, nobody really believes such doctrines any longer. There, you feel it a positive bliss and ecstasy merely to draw the breath of life. Mother, have you noticed that everything I have painted has turned upon the joy of life?﻿—always, always upon the joy of life?﻿—light and sunshine and glorious air and faces radiant with happiness. That is why I’m afraid of remaining at home with you.

Mrs. Alving
Afraid? What are you afraid of here, with me?

Oswald
I’m afraid lest all my instincts should be warped into ugliness.

Mrs. Alving
Looks steadily at him. Do you think that is what would happen?

Oswald
I know it. You may live the same life here as there, and yet it won’t be the same life.

Mrs. Alving
Who has been listening eagerly, rises, her eyes big with thought, and says: Now I see the sequence of things.

Oswald
What is it you see?

Mrs. Alving
I see it now for the first time. And now I can speak.

Oswald
Rising. Mother, I don’t understand you.

Regina
Who has also risen. Perhaps I ought to go?

Mrs. Alving
No. Stay here. Now I can speak. Now, my boy, you shall know the whole truth. And then you can choose. Oswald! Regina!

Oswald
Hush! The Pastor﻿—

Manders
Enters by the hall door. There! We have had a most edifying time down there.

Oswald
So have we.

Manders
We must stand by Engstrand and his Sailors’ Home. Regina must go to him and help him﻿—

Regina
No thank you, sir.

Manders
Noticing her for the first time. What﻿—? You here? And with a glass in your hand!

Regina
Hastily putting the glass down. Pardon!

Oswald
Regina is going with me, Mr. Manders.

Manders
Going! With you!

Oswald
Yes; as my wife﻿—if she wishes it.

Manders
But, merciful God﻿—!

Regina
I can’t help it, sir.

Oswald
Or she’ll stay here, if I stay.

Regina
Involuntarily. Here!

Manders
I am thunderstruck at your conduct, Mrs. Alving.

Mrs. Alving
They will do neither one thing nor the other; for now I can speak out plainly.

Manders
You surely will not do that! No, no, no!

Mrs. Alving
Yes, I can speak and I will. And no ideals shall suffer after all.

Oswald
Mother﻿—what is it you are hiding from me?

Regina
Listening. Oh, ma’am, listen! Don’t you hear shouts outside. She goes into the conservatory and looks out.

Oswald
At the window on the left. What’s going on? Where does that light come from?

Regina
Cries out. The Orphanage is on fire!

Mrs. Alving
Rushing to the window. On fire!

Manders
On fire! Impossible! I’ve just come from there.

Oswald
Where’s my hat? Oh, never mind it﻿—Father’s Orphanage﻿—! He rushes out through the garden door.

Mrs. Alving
My shawl, Regina! The whole place is in a blaze!

Manders
Terrible! Mrs. Alving, it is a judgment upon this abode of lawlessness.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, of course. Come, Regina. She and Regina hasten out through the hall.

Manders
Clasps his hands together. And we left it uninsured! He goes out the same way.

Act III

The room as before. All the doors stand open. The lamp is still burning on the table. It is dark out of doors; there is only a faint glow from the conflagration in the background to the left.

Mrs. Alving, with a shawl over her head, stands in the conservatory, looking out. Regina, also with a shawl on, stands a little behind her.

Mrs. Alving
The whole thing burnt!﻿—burnt to the ground!

Regina
The basement is still burning.

Mrs. Alving
How is it Oswald doesn’t come home? There’s nothing to be saved.

Regina
Should you like me to take down his hat to him?

Mrs. Alving
Has he not even got his hat on?

Regina
Pointing to the hall. No; there it hangs.

Mrs. Alving
Let it be. He must come up now. I shall go and look for him myself. She goes out through the garden door.

Manders
Comes in from the hall. Is not Mrs. Alving here?

Regina
She has just gone down the garden.

Manders
This is the most terrible night I ever went through.

Regina
Yes; isn’t it a dreadful misfortune, sir?

Manders
Oh, don’t talk about it! I can hardly bear to think of it.

Regina
How can it have happened﻿—?

Manders
Don’t ask me, Miss Engstrand! How should I know? Do you, too﻿—? Is it not enough that your father﻿—?

Regina
What about him?

Manders
Oh, he has driven me distracted﻿—

Engstrand
Enters through the hall. Your Reverence﻿—

Manders
Turns round in terror. Are you after me here, too?

Engstrand
Yes, strike me dead, but I must﻿—! Oh, Lord! what am I saying? But this is a terrible ugly business, your Reverence.

Manders
Walks to and fro. Alas! alas!

Regina
What’s the matter?

Engstrand
Why, it all came of this here prayer-meeting, you see. Softly. The bird’s limed, my girl. Aloud. And to think it should be my doing that such a thing should be his Reverence’s doing!

Manders
But I assure you, Engstrand﻿—

Engstrand
There wasn’t another soul except your Reverence as ever laid a finger on the candles down there.

Manders
Stops. So you declare. But I certainly cannot recollect that I ever had a candle in my hand.

Engstrand
And I saw as clear as daylight how your Reverence took the candle and snuffed it with your fingers, and threw away the snuff among the shavings.

Manders
And you stood and looked on?

Engstrand
Yes; I saw it as plain as a pikestaff, I did.

Manders
It’s quite beyond my comprehension. Besides, it has never been my habit to snuff candles with my fingers.

Engstrand
And terrible risky it looked, too, that it did! But is there such a deal of harm done after all, your Reverence?

Manders
Walks restlessly to and fro. Oh, don’t ask me!

Engstrand
Walks with him. And your Reverence hadn’t insured it, neither?

Manders
Continuing to walk up and down. No, no, no; I have told you so.

Engstrand
Following him. Not insured! And then to go straight away down and set light to the whole thing! Lord, Lord, what a misfortune!

Manders
Wipes the sweat from his forehead. Ay, you may well say that, Engstrand.

Engstrand
And to think that such a thing should happen to a benevolent Institution, that was to have been a blessing both to town and country, as the saying goes! The newspapers won’t be for handling your Reverence very gently, I expect.

Manders
No; that is just what I am thinking of. That is almost the worst of the whole matter. All the malignant attacks and imputations﻿—! Oh, it makes me shudder to think of it!

Mrs. Alving
Comes in from the garden. He is not to be persuaded to leave the fire.

Manders
Ah, there you are, Mrs. Alving.

Mrs. Alving
So you have escaped your Inaugural Address, Pastor Manders.

Manders
Oh, I should so gladly﻿—

Mrs. Alving
In an undertone. It is all for the best. That Orphanage would have done no one any good.

Manders
Do you think not?

Mrs. Alving
Do you think it would?

Manders
It is a terrible misfortune, all the same.

Mrs. Alving
Let us speak of it plainly, as a matter of business.﻿—Are you waiting for Mr. Manders, Engstrand?

Engstrand
At the hall door. That’s just what I’m a-doing of, ma’am.

Mrs. Alving
Then sit down meanwhile.

Engstrand
Thank you, ma’am; I’d as soon stand.

Mrs. Alving
To Manders. I suppose you are going by the steamer?

Manders
Yes; it starts in an hour.

Mrs. Alving
Then be so good as to take all the papers with you. I won’t hear another word about this affair. I have other things to think of﻿—

Manders
Mrs. Alving﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Later on I shall send you a Power of Attorney to settle everything as you please.

Manders
That I will very readily undertake. The original destination of the endowment must now be completely changed, alas!

Mrs. Alving
Of course it must.

Manders
I think, first of all, I shall arrange that the Solvik property shall pass to the parish. The land is by no means without value. It can always be turned to account for some purpose or other. And the interest of the money in the Bank I could, perhaps, best apply for the benefit of some undertaking of acknowledged value to the town.

Mrs. Alving
Do just as you please. The whole matter is now completely indifferent to me.

Engstrand
Give a thought to my Sailors’ Home, your Reverence.

Manders
Upon my word, that is not a bad suggestion. That must be considered.

Engstrand
Oh, devil take considering﻿—Lord forgive me!

Manders
With a sigh. And unfortunately I cannot tell how long I shall be able to retain control of these things﻿—whether public opinion may not compel me to retire. It entirely depends upon the result of the official inquiry into the fire﻿—

Mrs. Alving
What are you talking about?

Manders
And the result can by no means be foretold.

Engstrand
Comes close to him. Ay, but it can though. For here stands old Jacob Engstrand.

Manders
Well well, but﻿—?

Engstrand
More softy. And Jacob Engstrand isn’t the man to desert a noble benefactor in the hour of need, as the saying goes.

Manders
Yes, but my good fellow﻿—how﻿—?

Engstrand
Jacob Engstrand may be likened to a sort of a guardian angel, he may, your Reverence.

Manders
No, no; I really cannot accept that.

Engstrand
Oh, that’ll be the way of it, all the same. I know a man as has taken others’ sins upon himself before now, I do.

Manders
Jacob! Wrings his hand. Yours is a rare nature. Well, you shall be helped with your Sailors’ Home. That you may rely upon. Engstrand tries to thank him, but cannot for emotion.

Manders
Hangs his travelling bag over his shoulder. And now let us set out. We two will go together.

Engstrand
At the dining room door, softly to Regina. You come along too, my lass. You shall live as snug as the yolk in an egg.

Regina
Tosses her head. Merci! She goes out into the hall and fetches Manders’ overcoat.

Manders
Goodbye, Mrs. Alving! and may the spirit of Law and Order descend upon this house, and that quickly.

Mrs. Alving
Goodbye, Pastor Manders. She goes up towards the conservatory, as she sees Oswald coming in through the garden door.

Engstrand
While he and Regina help Manders to get his coat on. Goodbye, my child. And if any trouble should come to you, you know where Jacob Engstrand is to be found. Softly. Little Harbour Street, h’m﻿—! To Mrs. Alving and Oswald. And the refuge for wandering mariners shall be called “Chamberlain Alving’s Home,” that it shall! And if so be as I’m spared to carry on that house in my own way, I make so bold as to promise that it shall be worthy of the Chamberlain’s memory.

Manders
In the doorway. H’m﻿—h’m!﻿—Come along, my dear Engstrand. Goodbye! Goodbye! He and Engstrand go out through the hall.

Oswald
Goes towards the table. What house was he talking about?

Mrs. Alving
Oh, a kind of Home that he and Pastor Manders want to set up.

Oswald
It will burn down like the other.

Mrs. Alving
What makes you think so?

Oswald
Everything will burn. All that recalls father’s memory is doomed. Here am I, too, burning down. Regina starts and looks at him.

Mrs. Alving
Oswald! You oughtn’t to have remained so long down there, my poor boy.

Oswald
Sits down by the table. I almost think you are right.

Mrs. Alving
Let me dry your face, Oswald; you are quite wet. She dries his face with her pocket-handkerchief.

Oswald
Stares indifferently in front of him. Thanks, Mother.

Mrs. Alving
Are you not tired, Oswald? Should you like to sleep?

Oswald
Nervously. No, no﻿—not to sleep! I never sleep. I only pretend to. Sadly. That will come soon enough.

Mrs. Alving
Looking sorrowfully at him. Yes, you really are ill, my blessed boy.

Regina
Eagerly. Is Mr. Alving ill?

Oswald
Impatiently. Oh, do shut all the doors! This killing dread﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Close the doors, Regina.

Regina shuts them and remains standing by the hall door. Mrs. Alving takes her shawl off: Regina does the same. Mrs. Alving draws a chair across to Oswald’s, and sits by him.

Mrs. Alving
There now! I am going to sit beside you﻿—

Oswald
Yes, do. And Regina shall stay here too. Regina shall be with me always. You will come to the rescue, Regina, won’t you?

Regina
I don’t understand﻿—

Mrs. Alving
To the rescue?

Oswald
Yes﻿—when the need comes.

Mrs. Alving
Oswald, have you not your mother to come to the rescue?

Oswald
You? Smiles. No, Mother; that rescue you will never bring me. Laughs sadly. You! ha ha! Looks earnestly at her. Though, after all, who ought to do it if not you? Impetuously. Why can’t you say “thou”5 to me, Regina? Why don’t you call me “Oswald”?

Regina
Softly. I don’t think Mrs. Alving would like it.

Mrs. Alving
You shall have leave to, presently. And meanwhile sit over here beside us.

Regina seats herself demurely and hesitatingly at the other side of the table.

Mrs. Alving
And now, my poor suffering boy, I am going to take the burden off your mind﻿—

Oswald
You, Mother?

Mrs. Alving
—all the gnawing remorse and self-reproach you speak of.

Oswald
And you think you can do that?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, now I can, Oswald. A little while ago you spoke of the joy of life; and at that word a new light burst for me over my life and everything connected with it.

Oswald
Shakes his head. I don’t understand you.

Mrs. Alving
You ought to have known your father when he was a young lieutenant. He was brimming over with the joy of life!

Oswald
Yes, I know he was.

Mrs. Alving
It was like a breezy day only to look at him. And what exuberant strength and vitality there was in him!

Oswald
Well﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Well then, child of joy as he was﻿—for he was like a child in those days﻿—he had to live at home here in a half-grown town, which had no joys to offer him﻿—only dissipations. He had no object in life﻿—only an official position. He had no work into which he could throw himself heart and soul; he had only business. He had not a single comrade that could realise what the joy of life meant﻿—only loungers and boon-companions﻿—

Oswald
Mother﻿—!

Mrs. Alving
So the inevitable happened.

Oswald
The inevitable?

Mrs. Alving
You told me yourself, this evening, what would become of you if you stayed at home.

Oswald
Do you mean to say that father﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Your poor father found no outlet for the overpowering joy of life that was in him. And I brought no brightness into his home.

Oswald
Not even you?

Mrs. Alving
They had taught me a great deal about duties and so forth, which I went on obstinately believing in. Everything was marked out into duties﻿—into my duties, and his duties, and﻿—I am afraid I made his home intolerable for your poor father, Oswald.

Oswald
Why have you never spoken of this in writing to me?

Mrs. Alving
I have never before seen it in such a light that I could speak of it to you, his son.

Oswald
In what light did you see it, then?

Mrs. Alving
Slowly. I saw only this one thing: that your father was a broken-down man before you were born.

Oswald
Softly. Ah﻿—! He rises and walks away to the window.

Mrs. Alving
And then; day after day, I dwelt on the one thought that by rights Regina should be at home in this house﻿—just like my own boy.

Oswald
Turning round quickly. Regina﻿—!

Regina
Springs up and asks, with bated breath. I﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, now you know it, both of you.

Oswald
Regina!

Regina
To herself. So mother was that kind of woman.

Mrs. Alving
Your mother had many good qualities, Regina.

Regina
Yes, but she was one of that sort, all the same. Oh, I’ve often suspected it; but﻿—And now, if you please, ma’am, may I be allowed to go away at once?

Mrs. Alving
Do you really wish it, Regina?

Regina
Yes, indeed I do.

Mrs. Alving
Of course you can do as you like; but﻿—

Oswald
Goes towards Regina. Go away now? Your place is here.

Regina
Merci, Mr. Alving!﻿—or now, I suppose, I may say Oswald. But I can tell you this wasn’t at all what I expected.

Mrs. Alving
Regina, I have not been frank with you﻿—

Regina
No, that you haven’t indeed. If I’d known that Oswald was an invalid, why﻿—And now, too, that it can never come to anything serious between us﻿—I really can’t stop out here in the country and wear myself out nursing sick people.

Oswald
Not even one who is so near to you?

Regina
No, that I can’t. A poor girl must make the best of her young days, or she’ll be left out in the cold before she knows where she is. And I, too, have the joy of life in me, Mrs. Alving!

Mrs. Alving
Unfortunately, you have. But don’t throw yourself away, Regina.

Regina
Oh, what must be, must be. If Oswald takes after his father, I take after my mother, I daresay.﻿—May I ask, ma’am, if Pastor Manders knows all this about me?

Mrs. Alving
Pastor Manders knows all about it.

Regina
Busied in putting on her shawl. Well then, I’d better make haste and get away by this steamer. The Pastor is such a nice man to deal with; and I certainly think I’ve as much right to a little of that money as he has﻿—that brute of a carpenter.

Mrs. Alving
You are heartily welcome to it, Regina.

Regina
Looks hard at her. I think you might have brought me up as a gentleman’s daughter, ma’am; it would have suited me better. Tosses her head. But pooh﻿—what does it matter! With a bitter side glance at the corked bottle. I may come to drink champagne with gentlefolks yet.

Mrs. Alving
And if you ever need a home, Regina, come to me.

Regina
No, thank you, ma’am. Pastor Manders will look after me, I know. And if the worst comes to the worst, I know of one house where I’ve every right to a place.

Mrs. Alving
Where is that?

Regina
“Chamberlain Alving’s Home.”

Mrs. Alving
Regina﻿—now I see it﻿—you are going to your ruin.

Regina
Oh, stuff! Goodbye. She nods and goes out through the hall.

Oswald
Stands at the window and looks out. Is she gone?

Mrs. Alving
Yes.

Oswald
Murmuring aside to himself. I think it was a mistake, this.

Mrs. Alving
Goes up behind him and lays her hands on his shoulders. Oswald, my dear boy﻿—has it shaken you very much?

Oswald
Turns his face towards her. All that about father, do you mean?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, about your unhappy father. I am so afraid it may have been too much for you.

Oswald
Why should you fancy that? Of course it came upon me as a great surprise; but it can make no real difference to me.

Mrs. Alving
Draws her hands away. No difference! That your father was so infinitely unhappy!

Oswald
Of course I can pity him, as I would anybody else; but﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Nothing more! Your own father!

Oswald
Impatiently. Oh, “father,”﻿—“father”! I never knew anything of father. I remember nothing about him, except that he once made me sick.

Mrs. Alving
This is terrible to think of! Ought not a son to love his father, whatever happens?

Oswald
When a son has nothing to thank his father for? has never known him? Do you really cling to that old superstition?﻿—you who are so enlightened in other ways?

Mrs. Alving
Can it be only a superstition﻿—?

Oswald
Yes; surely you can see that, Mother. It’s one of those notions that are current in the world, and so﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Deeply moved. Ghosts!

Oswald
Crossing the room. Yes; you may call them ghosts.

Mrs. Alving
Wildly. Oswald﻿—then you don’t love me, either!

Oswald
You I know, at any rate﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Yes, you know me; but is that all!

Oswald
And, of course, I know how fond you are of me, and I can’t but be grateful to you. And then you can be so useful to me, now that I am ill.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, cannot I, Oswald? Oh, I could almost bless the illness that has driven you home to me. For I see very plainly that you are not mine: I have to win you.

Oswald
Impatiently. Yes yes yes; all these are just so many phrases. You must remember that I am a sick man, Mother. I can’t be much taken up with other people; I have enough to do thinking about myself.

Mrs. Alving
In a low voice. I shall be patient and easily satisfied.

Oswald
And cheerful too, Mother!

Mrs. Alving
Yes, my dear boy, you are quite right. Goes towards him. Have I relieved you of all remorse and self-reproach now?

Oswald
Yes, you have. But now who will relieve me of the dread?

Mrs. Alving
The dread?

Oswald
Walks across the room. Regina could have been got to do it.

Mrs. Alving
I don’t understand you. What is this about dread﻿—and Regina?

Oswald
Is it very late, Mother?

Mrs. Alving
It is early morning. She looks out through the conservatory. The day is dawning over the mountains. And the weather is clearing, Oswald. In a little while you shall see the sun.

Oswald
I’m glad of that. Oh, I may still have much to rejoice in and live for﻿—

Mrs. Alving
I should think so, indeed!

Oswald
Even if I can’t work﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Oh, you’ll soon be able to work again, my dear boy﻿—now that you haven’t got all those gnawing and depressing thoughts to brood over any longer.

Oswald
Yes, I’m glad you were able to rid me of all those fancies. And when I’ve got over this one thing more﻿—Sits on the sofa. Now we will have a little talk, Mother﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Yes, let us. She pushes an armchair towards the sofa, and sits down close to him.

Oswald
And meantime the sun will be rising. And then you will know all. And then I shall not feel this dread any longer.

Mrs. Alving
What is it that I am to know?

Oswald
Not listening to her. Mother, did you not say a little while ago, that there was nothing in the world you would not do for me, if I asked you?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, indeed I said so!

Oswald
And you’ll stick to it, Mother?

Mrs. Alving
You may rely on that, my dear and only boy! I have nothing in the world to live for but you alone.

Oswald
Very well, then; now you shall hear﻿—Mother, you have a strong, steadfast mind, I know. Now you’re to sit quite still when you hear it.

Mrs. Alving
What dreadful thing can it be﻿—?

Oswald
You’re not to scream out. Do you hear? Do you promise me that? We will sit and talk about it quietly. Do you promise me, Mother?

Mrs. Alving
Yes, yes; I promise. Only speak!

Oswald
Well, you must know that all this fatigue﻿—and my inability to think of work﻿—all that is not the illness itself﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Then what is the illness itself?

Oswald
The disease I have as my birthright﻿—He points to his forehead and adds very softly﻿—is seated here.

Mrs. Alving
Almost voiceless. Oswald! No﻿—no!

Oswald
Don’t scream. I can’t bear it. Yes, Mother, it is seated here waiting. And it may break out any day﻿—at any moment.

Mrs. Alving
Oh, what horror﻿—!

Oswald
Now, quiet, quiet. That is how it stands with me﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Springs up. It’s not true, Oswald! It’s impossible! It cannot be so!

Oswald
I have had one attack down there already. It was soon over. But when I came to know the state I had been in, then the dread descended upon me, raging and ravening; and so I set off home to you as fast as I could.

Mrs. Alving
Then this is the dread﻿—!

Oswald
Yes﻿—it’s so indescribably loathsome, you know. Oh, if it had only been an ordinary mortal disease﻿—! For I’m not so afraid of death﻿—though I should like to live as long as I can.

Mrs. Alving
Yes, yes, Oswald, you must!

Oswald
But this is so unutterably loathsome. To become a little baby again! To have to be fed! To have to﻿—Oh, it’s not to be spoken of!

Mrs. Alving
The child has his mother to nurse him.

Oswald
Springs up. No, never that! That is just what I will not have. I can’t endure to think that perhaps I should lie in that state for many years﻿—and get old and grey. And in the meantime you might die and leave me. Sits in Mrs. Alving’s chair. For the doctor said it wouldn’t necessarily prove fatal at once. He called it a sort of softening of the brain﻿—or something like that. Smiles sadly. I think that expression sounds so nice. It always sets me thinking of cherry-coloured velvet﻿—something soft and delicate to stroke.

Mrs. Alving
Shrieks. Oswald!

Oswald
Springs up and paces the room. And now you have taken Regina from me. If I could only have had her! She would have come to the rescue, I know.

Mrs. Alving
Goes to him. What do you mean by that, my darling boy? Is there any help in the world that I would not give you?

Oswald
When I got over my attack in Paris, the doctor told me that when it comes again﻿—and it will come﻿—there will be no more hope.

Mrs. Alving
He was heartless enough to﻿—

Oswald
I demanded it of him. I told him I had preparations to make﻿—He smiles cunningly. And so I had. He takes a little box from his inner breast pocket and opens it. Mother, do you see this?

Mrs. Alving
What is it?

Oswald
Morphia.

Mrs. Alving
Looks at him horror-struck. Oswald﻿—my boy!

Oswald
I’ve scraped together twelve pilules﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Snatches at it. Give me the box, Oswald.

Oswald
Not yet, Mother. He hides the box again in his pocket.

Mrs. Alving
I shall never survive this!

Oswald
It must be survived. Now if I’d had Regina here, I should have told her how things stood with me﻿—and begged her to come to the rescue at the last. She would have done it. I know she would.

Mrs. Alving
Never!

Oswald
When the horror had come upon me, and she saw me lying there helpless, like a little newborn baby, impotent, lost, hopeless﻿—past all saving﻿—

Mrs. Alving
Never in all the world would Regina have done this!

Oswald
Regina would have done it. Regina was so splendidly lighthearted. And she would soon have wearied of nursing an invalid like me.

Mrs. Alving
Then heaven be praised that Regina is not here.

Oswald
Well then, it is you that must come to the rescue, Mother.

Mrs. Alving
Shrieks aloud. I!

Oswald
Who should do it if not you?

Mrs. Alving
I! your mother!

Oswald
For that very reason.

Mrs. Alving
I, who gave you life!

Oswald
I never asked you for life. And what sort of a life have you given me? I will not have it! You shall take it back again!

Mrs. Alving
Help! Help! She runs out into the hall.

Oswald
Going after her. Do not leave me! Where are you going?

Mrs. Alving
In the hall. To fetch the doctor, Oswald! Let me pass!

Oswald
Also outside. You shall not go out. And no one shall come in. The locking of a door is heard.

Mrs. Alving
Comes in again. Oswald! Oswald﻿—my child!

Oswald
Follows her. Have you a mother’s heart for me﻿—and yet can see me suffer from this unutterable dread?

Mrs. Alving
After a moment’s silence, commands herself, and says: Here is my hand upon it.

Oswald
Will you﻿—?

Mrs. Alving
If it should ever be necessary. But it will never be necessary. No, no; it is impossible.

Oswald
Well, let us hope so. And let us live together as long as we can. Thank you, Mother. He seats himself in the armchair which Mrs. Alving has moved to the sofa. Day is breaking. The lamp is still burning on the table.

Mrs. Alving
Drawing near cautiously. Do you feel calm now?

Oswald
Yes.

Mrs. Alving
Bending over him. It has been a dreadful fancy of yours, Oswald﻿—nothing but a fancy. All this excitement has been too much for you. But now you shall have a long rest; at home with your mother, my own blessëd boy. Everything you point to you shall have, just as when you were a little child.﻿—There now. The crisis is over. You see how easily it passed! Oh, I was sure it would.﻿—And do you see, Oswald, what a lovely day we are going to have? Brilliant sunshine! Now you can really see your home. She goes to the table and puts out the lamp. Sunrise. The glacier and the snow-peaks in the background glow in the morning light.

Oswald
Sits in the armchair with his back towards the landscape, without moving. Suddenly he says: Mother, give me the sun.

Mrs. Alving
By the table, starts and looks at him. What do you say?

Oswald
Repeats, in a dull, toneless voice. The sun. The sun.

Mrs. Alving
Goes to him. Oswald, what is the matter with you?

Oswald
Seems to shrink together to the chair; all his muscles relax; his face is expressionless, his eyes have a glassy stare.

Mrs. Alving
Quivering with terror. What is this? Shrieks. Oswald! what is the matter with you? Falls on her knees beside him and shakes him. Oswald! Oswald! look at me! Don’t you know me?

Oswald
Tonelessly as before. The sun.﻿—The sun.

Mrs. Alving
Springs up in despair, entwines her hands in her hair and shrieks. I cannot bear it! Whispers, as though petrified. I cannot bear it! Never! Suddenly. Where has he got them? Fumbles hastily in his breast. Here! Shrinks back a few steps and screams: No! No; no!﻿—Yes!﻿—No; no!

She stands a few steps away from him with her hands twisted in her hair, and stares at him in speechless horror.

Oswald
Sits motionless as before and says. The sun.﻿—The sun.

Endnotes

See “The Mausoleum of Ibsen,” Fortnightly Review, August 1893. See also Mr. Bernard Shaw’s Quintessence of Ibsenism, p. 89, and my introduction to Ghosts in the single-volume edition. ↩︎

Chamberlain (Kammerherre) is the only title of honour now existing in Norway. It is a distinction conferred by the King on men of wealth and position, and is not hereditary. ↩︎

This and other French words by Regina are in that language in the original. ↩︎

A phrase equivalent to the German Prosit die Mahlzeit﻿—“May good digestion wait on appetite.” ↩︎

“Sige du” = Fr. tutoyer ↩︎

Colophon

Ghosts
was published in 1881 by
Henrik Ibsen.
It was translated from Norwegian in 1911 by William Archer.

This ebook was produced for
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The cover page is adapted from
Interiors,
a painting completed in 1898 by
Vilhelm Hammershøi.
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The first edition of this ebook was released on
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