4211 lines
1007 KiB
HTML
4211 lines
1007 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" lang="en-GB" epub:prefix="z3998: http://www.daisy.org/z3998/2012/vocab/structure/, se: https://standardebooks.org/vocab/1.0" xml:lang="en-GB">
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<head>
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<title>The Art of War</title>
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<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/sun-tzu/the-art-of-war/lionel-giles/text/single-page" />
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<style><![CDATA[
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@namespace epub "http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops";
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@namespace xml "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";
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/* core.css */
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body{
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section[epub|type~="imprint"] a,
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section[epub|type~="copyright-page"] p{
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margin: 1em auto;
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section[epub|type~="copyright-page"] blockquote p span{
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section[epub|type~="copyright-page"] blockquote br{
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/* local.css */
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font-variant: all-small-caps;
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/* Poetry CSS */
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[epub|type~="z3998:verse"] p{
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text-align: initial;
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text-indent: 0;
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[epub|type~="z3998:verse"] p > span{
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padding-left: 1em;
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[epub|type~="z3998:verse"] p > span + br{
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margin-top: 3em;
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text-align: center;
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section[epub|type~="dedication"] > *{
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margin: 0;
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/* End all dedications */
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/* For the date table */
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table{
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margin: 1em;
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border-left: 1px solid;
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padding-left: .25em;
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}
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/* web.css */
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body{
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: column;
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body > main > section[epub|type~="titlepage"],
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nav + section,
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section + nav,
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section + section,
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section + article,
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article + section,
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article + article{
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margin-top: 12em !important;
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main{
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body,
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a:visited{
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body > header li:first-child > a,
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img[epub|type~="se:image.color-depth.black-on-transparent"]{
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filter: invert(1);
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/* As of July 2022 Chrome on Android doesn't yet understand `or (pointer: none)`
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and will just drop this entire query together if it's included. */
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@media(pointer: coarse){
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body > header{
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position: fixed;
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}
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body > header li:first-child > a{
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height: 21px;
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width: 90px;
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}
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nav[epub|type~="toc"] ol li{
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margin-bottom: 2em;
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margin-top: 2em;
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}
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*:target{
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scroll-margin-top: 4em;
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}
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}
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|
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@media((max-width: 450px) and (pointer: coarse)){
|
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body > header li:first-child > a{
|
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width: 31px;
|
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height: 20px;
|
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}
|
||
}
|
||
]]></style>
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body><main>
|
||
<section id="titlepage" epub:type="titlepage frontmatter">
|
||
<h1 epub:type="title">The Art of War</h1>
|
||
<p>By <b epub:type="z3998:personal-name z3998:author">Sun Tzu</b>.</p>
|
||
<p>Translated by <b epub:type="z3998:personal-name z3998:translator">Lionel Giles</b>.</p>
|
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epub:type="se:image.color-depth.black-on-transparent"/>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<nav id="toc" epub:type="toc">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Table of Contents</h2>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#titlepage">Titlepage</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#imprint">Imprint</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#dedication">Dedication</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#translators-preface">Preface by Lionel Giles</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#translators-intro-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> and His Book</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#translators-intro-2">The Text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span></a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#translators-intro-3">The Commentators</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#translators-intro-4">Appreciations of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span></a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#translators-intro-5">Apologies for War</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#bibliography">Bibliography</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#halftitlepage">The Art of War</a>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-1"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>: Laying Plans</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-2"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>: Waging War</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-3"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span>: Attack by Stratagem</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-4"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>: Tactical Dispositions</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-5"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>: Energy</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-6"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span>: Weak Points and Strong</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-7"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>: Manoeuvring</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-8"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>: Variation of Tactics</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-9"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span>: The Army on the March</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-10"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span>: Terrain</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-11"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>: The Nine Situations</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-12"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span>: The Attack by Fire</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#chapter-13"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span>: The Use of Spies</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#endnotes">Endnotes</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#colophon">Colophon</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#uncopyright">Uncopyright</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
<section id="imprint" epub:type="imprint frontmatter">
|
||
<header>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Imprint</h2>
|
||
<img alt="The Standard Ebooks logo." 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epub:type="z3998:publisher-logo se:image.color-depth.black-on-transparent"/>
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</header>
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<p>This ebook is the product of many hours of hard work by volunteers for <a href="https://standardebooks.org/">Standard Ebooks</a>, and builds on the hard work of other literature lovers made possible by the public domain.</p>
|
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<p>This particular ebook is based on a transcription from <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/132">Project Gutenberg</a> and on digital scans from <a href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/sun-tzu/the-art-of-war/lionel-giles#page-scans">various sources</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The source text and artwork in this ebook are believed to be in the United States public domain; that is, they are believed to be free of copyright restrictions in the United States. They may still be copyrighted in other countries, so users located outside of the United States must check their local laws before using this ebook. The creators of, and contributors to, this ebook dedicate their contributions to the worldwide public domain via the terms in the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication</a>. For full license information, see the <a href="uncopyright">Uncopyright</a> at the end of this ebook.</p>
|
||
<p>Standard Ebooks is a volunteer-driven project that produces ebook editions of public domain literature using modern typography, technology, and editorial standards, and distributes them free of cost. You can download this and other ebooks carefully produced for true book lovers at <a href="https://standardebooks.org/">standardebooks.org</a>.</p>
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</section>
|
||
<section id="dedication" epub:type="dedication frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<p>To my brother<br/>
|
||
<b>Captain Valentine Giles, <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">R.G.</abbr></b><br/>
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in the hope that<br/>
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a work 2,400 years old<br/>
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may yet contain lessons worth consideration<br/>
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||
by the soldier of today<br/>
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||
this translation<br/>
|
||
is affectionately dedicated.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="translators-preface" epub:type="preface frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
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<h2 epub:type="title">Preface by Lionel Giles</h2>
|
||
<p>The seventh volume of <i lang="fr" epub:type="se:name.publication.journal" xml:lang="fr">Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les arts, les mœurs, les usages, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, des Chinois</i><a href="#note-1" id="noteref-1" epub:type="noteref">1</a> is devoted to the Art of War, and contains, amongst other treatises, <i lang="fr" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="fr">Les Treize Articles de Sun-tse</i>, translated from the Chinese by a Jesuit Father, Joseph Amiot. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Père</span> Amiot appears to have enjoyed no small reputation as a sinologue in his day, and the field of his labours was certainly extensive. But his so-called translation of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, if placed side by side with the original, is seen at once to be little better than an imposture. It contains a great deal that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> did not write, and very little indeed of what he did. Here is a fair specimen, taken from the opening sentences of chapter 5:</p>
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<blockquote lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">
|
||
<p><i>De l’habileté dans le gouvernement des Troupes.</i> Sun-tse dit: Ayez les noms de tous les Officiers tant généraux que subalternes; inscrivez-les dans un catalogue à part, avec la note des talents & de la capacité de chacun d’eux, afin de pouvoir les employer avec avantage lorsque l’occasion en sera venue. Faites en sorte que tous ceux que vous devez commander soient persuadés que votre principale attention est de les préserver de tout dommage. Les troupes que vous ferez avancer contre l’ennemi doivent être comme des pierres que vous lanceriez contre des œufs. De vous à l’ennemi il ne doit y avoir d’autre différence que celle du fort au faible, du vide au plein. Attaquez à découvert, mais soyez vainqueur en secret. Voilà en peu de mots en quoi consiste l’habileté & toute la perfection même du gouvernement des troupes.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>Throughout the nineteenth century, which saw a wonderful development in the study of Chinese literature, no translator ventured to tackle <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, although his work was known to be highly valued in China as by far the oldest and best compendium of military science. It was not until the year 1905 that the first English translation, by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> <abbr epub:type="z3998:given-name">E. F.</abbr> Calthrop, <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">R.F.A.</abbr>, appeared at Tokyo under the title <i lang="ja-Latn" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="ja-Latn">Sonshi</i> (the Japanese form of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>).<a href="#note-2" id="noteref-2" epub:type="noteref">2</a> Unfortunately, it was evident that the translator’s knowledge of Chinese was far too scanty to fit him to grapple with the manifold difficulties of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. He himself plainly acknowledges that without the aid of two Japanese gentlemen “the accompanying translation would have been impossible.” We can only wonder, then, that with their help it should have been so excessively bad. It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt. Omissions were frequent; hard passages were wilfully distorted or slurred over. Such offences are less pardonable. They would not be tolerated in any edition of a Greek or Latin classic, and a similar standard of honesty ought to be insisted upon in translations from Chinese.</p>
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<p>From blemishes of this nature, at least, I believe that the present translation is free. It was not undertaken out of any inflated estimate of my own powers; but I could not help feeling that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> deserved a better fate than had befallen him, and I knew that, at any rate, I could hardly fail to improve on the work of my predecessors. Towards the end of 1908, a new and revised edition of <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s translation was published in London, this time, however, without any allusion to his Japanese collaborators. My first three chapters were then already in the printer’s hands, so that the criticisms of <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop therein contained must be understood as referring to his earlier edition. This is on the whole an improvement on the other, though there still remains much that cannot pass muster. Some of the grosser blunders have been rectified and lacunae filled up, but on the other hand a certain number of new mistakes appear. The very first sentence of the introduction is startlingly inaccurate; and later on, while mention is made of “an army of Japanese commentators” on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> (who are these, by the way?), not a word is vouchsafed about the Chinese commentators, who nevertheless, I venture to assert, form a much more numerous and infinitely more important “army.”</p>
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<p>A few special features of the present volume may now be noticed. In the first place, the text has been cut up into paragraphs, both in order to facilitate cross-reference and for the convenience of students generally. The division follows broadly that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen’s</span> edition; but I have sometimes found it desirable to join two or more of his paragraphs into one. In quoting from other works, Chinese writers seldom give more than the bare title by way of reference, and the task of research is apt to be seriously hampered in consequence. From the mass of native commentary my aim has been to extract the cream only, adding the Chinese text here and there when it seemed to present points of literary interest. Though constituting in itself an important branch of Chinese literature, very little commentary of this kind has hitherto been made directly accessible by translation.<a href="#note-3" id="noteref-3" epub:type="noteref">3</a></p>
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<p>I may say in conclusion that, owing to the printing off of my sheets as they were completed, the work has not had the benefit of a final revision. On a review of the whole, without modifying the substance of my criticisms, I might have been inclined in a few instances to temper their asperity. Having chosen to wield a bludgeon, however, I shall not cry out if in return I am visited with more than a rap over the knuckles. Indeed, I have been at some pains to put a sword into the hands of future opponents by scrupulously giving either text or reference for every passage translated. A scathing review, even from the pen of the Shanghai critic who despises “mere translations,” would not, I must confess, be altogether unwelcome. For, after all, the worst fate I shall have to dread is that which befell the ingenious paradoxes of George in <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">The Vicar of Wakefield</i>.</p>
|
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</section>
|
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<section id="translators-intro-1" epub:type="introduction frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
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<h2 epub:type="title"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> and His Book</h2>
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> gives the following biography of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>:<a href="#note-4" id="noteref-4" epub:type="noteref">4</a></p>
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<blockquote>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子武</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ Wu</span> was a native of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> State. His <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> brought him to the notice of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">闔盧</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">Ho Lu</span>,<a href="#note-5" id="noteref-5" epub:type="noteref">5</a> King of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> said to him:</p>
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<p>“I have carefully perused your 13 chapters. May I submit your theory of managing soldiers to a slight test?”</p>
|
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> replied: “You may.”</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> asked: “May the test be applied to women?”</p>
|
||
<p>The answer was again in the affirmative, so arrangements were made to bring 180 ladies out of the Palace. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> divided them into two companies, and placed one of the King’s favorite concubines at the head of each. He then bade them all take spears in their hands, and addressed them thus: “I presume you know the difference between front and back, right hand and left hand?”</p>
|
||
<p>The girls replied: “Yes.”</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> went on: “When I say ‘Eyes front,’ you must look straight ahead. When I say ‘Left turn,’ you must face towards your left hand. When I say ‘Right turn,’ you must face towards your right hand. When I say ‘About turn,’ you must face right round towards your back.”</p>
|
||
<p>Again the girls assented. The words of command having been thus explained, he set up the halberds and battle-axes in order to begin the drill. Then, to the sound of drums, he gave the order “Right turn.” But the girls only burst out laughing. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: “If words of command are not clear and distinct, if orders are not thoroughly understood, then the general is to blame.”</p>
|
||
<p>So he started drilling them again, and this time gave the order “Left turn,” whereupon the girls once more burst into fits of laughter. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>: “If words of command are not clear and distinct, if orders are not thoroughly understood, the general is to blame. But if his orders <em>are</em> clear, and the soldiers nevertheless disobey, then it is the fault of their officers.”</p>
|
||
<p>So saying, he ordered the leaders of the two companies to be beheaded. Now the king of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> was watching the scene from the top of a raised pavilion; and when he saw that his favorite concubines were about to be executed, he was greatly alarmed and hurriedly sent down the following message: “We are now quite satisfied as to our general’s ability to handle troops. If we are bereft of these two concubines, our meat and drink will lose their savor. It is our wish that they shall not be beheaded.”</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> replied: “Having once received His Majesty’s commission to be the general of his forces, there are certain commands of His Majesty which, acting in that capacity, I am unable to accept.”</p>
|
||
<p>Accordingly, he had the two leaders beheaded, and straightway installed the pair next in order as leaders in their place. When this had been done, the drum was sounded for the drill once more; and the girls went through all the evolutions, turning to the right or to the left, marching ahead or wheeling back, kneeling or standing, with perfect accuracy and precision, not venturing to utter a sound. Then <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> sent a messenger to the King saying: “Your soldiers, Sire, are now properly drilled and disciplined, and ready for your majesty’s inspection. They can be put to any use that their sovereign may desire; bid them go through fire and water, and they will not disobey.”</p>
|
||
<p>But the King replied: “Let our general cease drilling and return to camp. As for us, We have no wish to come down and inspect the troops.”</p>
|
||
<p>Thereupon <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: “The King is only fond of words, and cannot translate them into deeds.”</p>
|
||
<p id="translators-intro-1-p-16">After that, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> saw that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> was one who knew how to handle an army, and finally appointed him general. In the west, he defeated the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> State and forced his way into <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>, the capital; to the north he put fear into the States of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span>, and spread his fame abroad amongst the feudal princes. And <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> shared in the might of the King.</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>About <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> himself this is all that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> has to tell us in this chapter. But he proceeds to give a biography of his descendant, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫臏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span>, born about a hundred years after his famous ancestor’s death, and also the outstanding military genius of his time. The historian speaks of him too as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, and in his preface we read: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子臏脚而論兵法</span> “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> had his feet cut off and yet continued to discuss the art of war.”<a href="#note-6" id="noteref-6" epub:type="noteref">6</a> It seems likely, then, that “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pin</span>” was a nickname bestowed on him after his mutilation, unless the story was invented in order to account for the name. The crowning incident of his career, the crushing defeat of his treacherous rival <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽang Chuan</span>, will be found briefly related in <a href="#note-292">note 292</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>To return to the elder <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. He is mentioned in two other passages of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>In the third year of his reign [512 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>] <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>, king of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, took the field with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子胥</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tzǔ-hsü</span> [<abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伍員</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüan</span>] and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伯嚭</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Pʽei</span>, and attacked <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>. He captured the town of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舒</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu</span> and slew the two prince’s sons who had formerly been generals of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. He was then meditating a descent on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">郢</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span> [the capital]; but the general <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> said: “The army is exhausted.<a href="#note-7" id="noteref-7" epub:type="noteref">7</a> It is not yet possible. We must wait.” …<a href="#note-8" id="noteref-8" epub:type="noteref">8</a> [After further successful fighting,] in the ninth year [506 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>], King <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> addressed <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ-hsü</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, saying: “Formerly, you declared that it was not yet possible for us to enter <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>. Is the time ripe now?” The two men replied: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu’s</span> general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子常</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tzǔ-chʽang</span>,<a href="#note-9" id="noteref-9" epub:type="noteref">9</a> is grasping and covetous, and the princes of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">唐</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔡</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽai</span> both have a grudge against him. If Your Majesty has resolved to make a grand attack, you must win over <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽai</span>, and then you may succeed.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> followed this advice, [beat <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> in five pitched battles and marched into <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>.]<a href="#note-10" id="noteref-10" epub:type="noteref">10</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>This is the latest date at which anything is recorded of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>. He does not appear to have survived his patron, who died from the effects of a wound in 496.</p>
|
||
<p>In the chapter entitled <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">律書</span> (the earlier portion of which <abbr>M.</abbr> Chavannes believes to be a fragment of a treatise on Military Weapons), there occurs this passage:<a href="#note-11" id="noteref-11" epub:type="noteref">11</a></p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>From this time onward, a number of famous soldiers arose, one after the other: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">咎犯</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao-fan</span>,<a href="#note-12" id="noteref-12" epub:type="noteref">12</a> who was employed by the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span> State; <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang-tzǔ</span>,<a href="#note-13" id="noteref-13" epub:type="noteref">13</a> in the service of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>; and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, in the service of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. These men developed and threw light upon the principles of war. (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">申明軍約</span>).</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>It is obvious enough that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> at least had no doubt about the reality of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> as an historical personage; and with one exception, to be noticed presently, he is by far the most important authority on the period in question. It will not be necessary, therefore, to say much of such a work as the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳越春秋</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüeh Chʽun Chʽiu</i>, which is supposed to have been written by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趙曄</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Yeh</span> of the 1st century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>. The attribution is somewhat doubtful; but even if it were otherwise, his account would be of little value, based as it is on the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> and expanded with romantic details. The story of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> will be found, for what it is worth, in chapter 2. The only new points in it worth noting are: (1) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> was first recommended to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ-hsü</span>. (2) He is called a native of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.<a href="#note-14" id="noteref-14" epub:type="noteref">14</a> (3) He had previously lived a retired life, and his contemporaries were unaware of his ability.<a href="#note-15" id="noteref-15" epub:type="noteref">15</a></p>
|
||
<p>The following passage occurs in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">淮南子</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huai-nan Tzǔ</i>: “When sovereign and ministers show perversity of mind, it is impossible even for a <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> to encounter the foe.”<a href="#note-16" id="noteref-16" epub:type="noteref">16</a> Assuming that this work is genuine (and hitherto no doubt has been cast upon it), we have here the earliest direct reference for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huai-nan Tzǔ</span> died in 122 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, many years before the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> was given to the world.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">劉向</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Hsiang</span> (80–9 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>) in his <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">新序</span> says: “The reason why <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> at the head of 30,000 men beat <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> with 200,000 is that the latter were undisciplined.”<a href="#note-17" id="noteref-17" epub:type="noteref">17</a></p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄧名世</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Têng Ming-shih</span> in his <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">姓氏辨證書</span> (completed in 1134) informs us that the surname <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫</span> was bestowed on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> grandfather by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">景公</span> Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ching</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> (547–490 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> father <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">馮</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽing</span>, rose to be a Minister of State in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> himself, whose style was <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">長卿</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽang-chʽing</span>, fled to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> on account of the rebellion which was being fomented by the kindred of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">田鮑</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Pao</span>. He had three sons, of whom the second, named <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">明</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ming</span>, was the father of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span>. According to this account then, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pin</span> was the grandson of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>,<a href="#note-18" id="noteref-18" epub:type="noteref">18</a> which, considering that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin’s</span> victory over <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> was gained in 341 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, may be dismissed as chronologically impossible. Whence these data were obtained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Têng Ming-shih</span> I do not know, but of course no reliance whatever can be placed in them.</p>
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<p>An interesting document which has survived from the close of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> period is the short preface written by the Great <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曹操</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span>, or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏武帝</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Wei Ti</span>, for his edition of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. I shall give it in full:—</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>I have heard that the ancients used bows and arrows to their advantage.<a href="#note-19" id="noteref-19" epub:type="noteref">19</a> The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yu</i> says: “There must be a sufficiency of military strength.”<a href="#note-20" id="noteref-20" epub:type="noteref">20</a> The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu Ching</i> mentions “the army” among the “eight objects of government.”<a href="#note-21" id="noteref-21" epub:type="noteref">21</a> The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Ching</i> says: “<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師</span> ‘army’ indicates firmness and justice; the experienced leader will have good fortune.”<a href="#note-22" id="noteref-22" epub:type="noteref">22</a> The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Ching</i> says: “The King rose majestic in his wrath, and he marshaled his troops.”<a href="#note-23" id="noteref-23" epub:type="noteref">23</a> The Yellow Emperor, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> the Completer and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang</span> all used spears and battle-axes in order to succor their generation. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</i> says: “If one man slay another of set purpose, he himself may rightfully be slain.”<a href="#note-24" id="noteref-24" epub:type="noteref">24</a> He who relies solely on warlike measures shall be exterminated; he who relies solely on peaceful measures shall perish. Instances of this are <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Chʽai</span><a href="#note-25" id="noteref-25" epub:type="noteref">25</a> on the one hand and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen Wang</span> on the other.<a href="#note-26" id="noteref-26" epub:type="noteref">26</a> In military matters, the Sage’s rule is normally to keep the peace, and to move his forces only when occasion requires. He will not use armed force unless driven to it by necessity.<a href="#note-27" id="noteref-27" epub:type="noteref">27</a></p>
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<p>Many books have I read on the subject of war and fighting; but the work composed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> is the profoundest of them all. [<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> was a native of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> state, his personal name was <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. He wrote the <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> in 13 chapters for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>, King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. Its principles were tested on women, and he was subsequently made a general. He led an army westwards, crushed the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> state and entered <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span> the capital. In the north, he kept <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span> in awe. A hundred years and more after his time, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span> lived. He was a descendant of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>].<a href="#note-28" id="noteref-28" epub:type="noteref">28</a> In his treatment of deliberation and planning, the importance of rapidity in taking the field,<a href="#note-29" id="noteref-29" epub:type="noteref">29</a> clearness of conception, and depth of design, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> stands beyond the reach of carping criticism. My contemporaries, however, have failed to grasp the full meaning of his instructions, and while putting into practice the smaller details in which his work abounds, they have overlooked its essential purport. That is the motive which has led me to outline a rough explanation of the whole.<a href="#note-30" id="noteref-30" epub:type="noteref">30</a></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>One thing to be noticed in the above is the explicit statement that the 13 chapters were specially composed for King <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>. This is supported by the internal evidence of <a href="#chapter-1-p-20">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a> (“The general that hearkens to my counsel …”), in which it seems clear that some ruler is addressed.</p>
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<p>In the bibliographic section of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Shu</i>,<a href="#note-31" id="noteref-31" epub:type="noteref">31</a> there is an entry which has given rise to much discussion: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳孫子八十二篇圖九卷</span> “The works of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> in 82 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pʽien</i> (or chapters), with diagrams in 9 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>.” It is evident that this cannot be merely the 13 chapters known to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span>, or those we possess today. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Shou-chieh</span> in his <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">史記正義</span> refers to an edition of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵法</span> of which the “13 chapters” formed the first <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>, adding that there were two other <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i> besides.<a href="#note-32" id="noteref-32" epub:type="noteref">32</a> This has brought forth a theory, that the bulk of these 82 chapters consisted of other writings of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>—we should call them apocryphal—similar to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">問答</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wen Ta</i>, of which a specimen dealing with the Nine Situations<a href="#note-33" id="noteref-33" epub:type="noteref">33</a> is preserved in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通典</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, and another in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih’s</span> commentary. It is suggested that before his interview with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> had only written the 13 chapters, but afterwards composed a sort of exegesis in the form of question and answer between himself and the King. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畢以珣</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi I-hsün</span>, the author of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子敘錄</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ Hsü Lu</i>, backs this up with a quotation from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüeh Chʽun Chʽiu</i>: “The King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> summoned <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, and asked him questions about the art of war. Each time he set forth a chapter of his work, the King could not find words enough to praise him.”<a href="#note-34" id="noteref-34" epub:type="noteref">34</a> As he points out, if the whole work was expounded on the same scale as in the above-mentioned fragments, the total number of chapters could not fail to be considerable.<a href="#note-35" id="noteref-35" epub:type="noteref">35</a> Then the numerous other treatises attributed to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span><a href="#note-36" id="noteref-36" epub:type="noteref">36</a> might also be included. The fact that the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Chih</i> mentions no work of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> except the 82 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pʽien</i>, whereas the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> bibliographies give the titles of others in addition to the “13 chapters,” is good proof, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi I-hsün</span> thinks, that all of these were contained in the 82 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pʽien</i>. Without pinning our faith to the accuracy of details supplied by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüeh Chʽun Chʽiu</i>, or admitting the genuineness of any of the treatises cited by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi I-hsün</span>, we may see in this theory a probable solution of the mystery. Between <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Ku</span> there was plenty of time for a luxuriant crop of forgeries to have grown up under the magic name of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, and the 82 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pʽien</i> may very well represent a collected edition of these lumped together with the original work. It is also possible, though less likely, that some of them existed in the time of the earlier historian and were purposely ignored by him.<a href="#note-37" id="noteref-37" epub:type="noteref">37</a></p>
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> the most important commentator on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, composed the preface to his edition<a href="#note-38" id="noteref-38" epub:type="noteref">38</a> about the middle of the ninth century. After a somewhat lengthy defence of the military art,<a href="#note-39" id="noteref-39" epub:type="noteref">39</a> he comes at last to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> himself, and makes one or two very startling assertions:—“The writings of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>,” he says, “originally comprised several hundred thousand words, but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span>, the Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span>, pruned away all redundancies and wrote out the essence of the whole, so as to form a single book in 13 chapters.”<a href="#note-40" id="noteref-40" epub:type="noteref">40</a> He goes on to remark that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao’s</span> commentary on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> leaves a certain proportion of difficulties unexplained.<a href="#note-41" id="noteref-41" epub:type="noteref">41</a> This, in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> opinion, does not necessarily imply that he was unable to furnish a complete commentary. According to the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Chih</i>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span> himself wrote a book on war in something over 100,000 words, known as the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">新書</span>. It appears to have been of such exceptional merit that he suspects <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span> to have used for it the surplus material which he had found in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. He concludes, however, by saying: “The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Shu</i> is now lost, so that the truth cannot be known for certain.”<a href="#note-42" id="noteref-42" epub:type="noteref">42</a></p>
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> conjecture seems to be based on a passage in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">漢官解詁</span> “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Wu Ti</span> strung together <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i>,”<a href="#note-43" id="noteref-43" epub:type="noteref">43</a> which in turn may have resulted from a misunderstanding of the final words of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> preface: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故撰為略解焉</span>. This, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> points out,<a href="#note-44" id="noteref-44" epub:type="noteref">44</a> is only a modest way of saying that he made an explanatory paraphrase,<a href="#note-45" id="noteref-45" epub:type="noteref">45</a> or in other words, wrote a commentary on it. On the whole, this theory has met with very little acceptance. Thus, the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">四庫全書</span> says:<a href="#note-46" id="noteref-46" epub:type="noteref">46</a> “The mention of the 13 chapters in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> shows that they were in existence before the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Chih</i>, and that latter accretions are not to be considered part of the original work. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> assertion can certainly not be taken as proof.”<a href="#note-47" id="noteref-47" epub:type="noteref">47</a></p>
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<p id="translators-intro-1-p-34">There is every reason to suppose, then, that the 13 chapters existed in the time of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> practically as we have them now. That the work was then well known he tells us in so many words: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">13 Chapters</i> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi’s</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> are the two books that people commonly refer to on the subject of military matters. Both of them are widely distributed, so I will not discuss them here.”<a href="#note-48" id="noteref-48" epub:type="noteref">48</a> But as we go further back, serious difficulties begin to arise. The salient fact which has to be faced is that the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, the greatest contemporary record, makes no mention whatsoever of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, either as a general or as a writer. It is natural, in view of this awkward circumstance, that many scholars should not only cast doubt on the story of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> as given in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, but even show themselves frankly skeptical as to the existence of the man at all. The most powerful presentment of this side of the case is to be found in the following disposition by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">葉水心</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yeh Shui-hsin</span>:<a href="#note-49" id="noteref-49" epub:type="noteref">49</a>—</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>It is stated in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien’s</span> history that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> was a native of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> State, and employed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>; and that in the reign of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> he crushed <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>, entered <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>, and was a great general. But in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso’s</span> Commentary no <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> appears at all. It is true that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso’s</span> Commentary need not contain absolutely everything that other histories contain. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso</span> has not omitted to mention vulgar plebeians and hireling ruffians such as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying Kʽao-shu</span>,<a href="#note-50" id="noteref-50" epub:type="noteref">50</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span>,<a href="#note-51" id="noteref-51" epub:type="noteref">51</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu Chih-wu</span><a href="#note-52" id="noteref-52" epub:type="noteref">52</a> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuan She-chu</span>.<a href="#note-53" id="noteref-53" epub:type="noteref">53</a> In the case of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, whose fame and achievements were so brilliant, the omission is much more glaring. Again, details are given, in their due order, about his contemporaries <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüan</span> and the Minister <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei</span>.<a href="#note-54" id="noteref-54" epub:type="noteref">54</a> Is it credible that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> alone should have been passed over?<a href="#note-55" id="noteref-55" epub:type="noteref">55</a></p>
|
||
<p>In point of literary style, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> work belongs to the same school as <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuan Tzǔ</i>,<a href="#note-56" id="noteref-56" epub:type="noteref">56</a> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Tʽao</i>,<a href="#note-57" id="noteref-57" epub:type="noteref">57</a> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh Yü</i>,<a href="#note-58" id="noteref-58" epub:type="noteref">58</a> and may have been the production of some private scholar living towards the end of the “Spring and Autumn” or the beginning of the “Warring States” period.<a href="#note-59" id="noteref-59" epub:type="noteref">59</a> The story that his precepts were actually applied by the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> State, is merely the outcome of big talk on the part of his followers.<a href="#note-60" id="noteref-60" epub:type="noteref">60</a></p>
|
||
<p>From the flourishing period of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> dynasty<a href="#note-61" id="noteref-61" epub:type="noteref">61</a> down to the time of the “Spring and Autumn,” all military commanders were statesmen as well, and the class of professional generals, for conducting external campaigns, did not then exist. It was not until the period of the “Six States”<a href="#note-62" id="noteref-62" epub:type="noteref">62</a> that this custom changed. Now although <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> was an uncivilized State, is it conceivable that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso</span> should have left unrecorded the fact that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> was a great general and yet held no civil office? What we are told, therefore, about <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jang-chu</span><a href="#note-63" id="noteref-63" epub:type="noteref">63</a> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, is not authentic matter, but the reckless fabrication of theorizing pundits. The story of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lü’s</span> experiment on the women, in particular, is utterly preposterous and incredible.<a href="#note-64" id="noteref-64" epub:type="noteref">64</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yeh Shui-hsin</span> represents <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> as having said that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> crushed <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> and entered <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>. This is not quite correct. No doubt the impression left on the reader’s mind is that he at least shared in these exploits; but the subject of the verbs <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">破</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">入</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">威</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">顯</span> is certainly <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">闔廬</span>, as shown by the next words: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子與有力焉</span>.<a href="#note-65" id="noteref-65" epub:type="noteref">65</a> The fact may or may not be significant; but it is nowhere explicitly stated in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> either that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> was general on the occasion of the taking of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>, or that he even went there at all. Moreover, as we know that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüan</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Pʽei</span> both took part in the expedition, and also that its success was largely due to the dash and enterprise of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫㮣</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Kai</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu’s</span> younger brother, it is not easy to see how yet another general could have played a very prominent part in the same campaign.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陳振孫</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Chên-sun</span> of the Sung dynasty has the note:—<a href="#note-66" id="noteref-66" epub:type="noteref">66</a></p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Military writers look upon <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> as the father of their art. But the fact that he does not appear in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, although he is said to have served under <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lü</span> King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, makes it uncertain what period he really belonged to.<a href="#note-67" id="noteref-67" epub:type="noteref">67</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p class="continued">He also says:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>The works of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> may be of genuine antiquity.<a href="#note-68" id="noteref-68" epub:type="noteref">68</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>It is noticeable that both <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yeh Shui-hsin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Chên-sun</span>, while rejecting the personality of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> as he figures in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien’s</span> history, are inclined to accept the date traditionally assigned to the work which passes under his name. The author of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü Lu</i> fails to appreciate this distinction, and consequently his bitter attack on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Chên-sun</span> really misses its mark. He makes one of two points, however, which certainly tell in favor of the high antiquity of our “13 chapters.” “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>,” he says, “must have lived in the age of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ching Wang</span> [519–476], because he is frequently plagiarized in subsequent works of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> dynasties.”<a href="#note-69" id="noteref-69" epub:type="noteref">69</a> The two most shameless offenders in this respect are <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huai-nan Tzǔ</span>, both of them important historical personages in their day. The former lived only a century after the alleged date of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, and his death is known to have taken place in 381 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. It was to him, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Hsiang</span>, that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曾申</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsêng Shên</span> delivered the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, which had been entrusted to him by its author.<a href="#note-70" id="noteref-70" epub:type="noteref">70</a> Now the fact that quotations from the <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i>, acknowledged or otherwise, are to be found in so many authors of different epochs, establishes a very strong anterior to them all—in other words, that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> treatise was already in existence towards the end of the 5th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. Further proof of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> antiquity is furnished by the archaic or wholly obsolete meanings attaching to a number of the words he uses. A list of these, which might perhaps be extended, is given in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü Lu</i>; and though some of the interpretations are doubtful, the main argument is hardly affected thereby.<a href="#note-71" id="noteref-71" epub:type="noteref">71</a> Again, it must not be forgotten that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yeh Shui-hsin</span>, a scholar and critic of the first rank, deliberately pronounces the style of the 13 chapters to belong to the early part of the fifth century. Seeing that he is actually engaged in an attempt to disprove the existence of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> himself, we may be sure that he would not have hesitated to assign the work to a later date had he not honestly believed the contrary. And it is precisely on such a point that the judgment of an educated Chinaman will carry most weight. Other internal evidence is not far to seek. Thus in <a href="#chapter-13-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span></a> (“Raising a host of a hundred thousand men …”), there is an unmistakable allusion to the ancient system of land-tenure which had already passed away by the time of Mencius, who was anxious to see it revived in a modified form.<a href="#note-72" id="noteref-72" epub:type="noteref">72</a> The only warfare <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> knows is that carried on between the various feudal princes (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諸侯</span>), in which armored chariots play a large part. Their use seems to have entirely died out before the end of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> dynasty. He speaks as a man of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, a state which ceased to exist as early as 473 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. On this I shall touch presently.</p>
|
||
<p>But once refer the work to the 5th century or earlier, and the chances of its being other than a bona fide production are sensibly diminished. The great age of forgeries did not come until long after. That it should have been forged in the period immediately following 473 is particularly unlikely, for no one, as a rule, hastens to identify himself with a lost cause. As for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yeh Shui-hsin’s</span> theory, that the author was a literary recluse,<a href="#note-73" id="noteref-73" epub:type="noteref">73</a> that seems to me quite untenable. If one thing is more apparent than another after reading the maxims of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, it is that their essence has been distilled from a large store of personal observation and experience. They reflect the mind not only of a born strategist, gifted with a rare faculty of generalization, but also of a practical soldier closely acquainted with the military conditions of his time. To say nothing of the fact that these sayings have been accepted and endorsed by all the greatest captains of Chinese history, they offer a combination of freshness and sincerity, acuteness and common sense, which quite excludes the idea that they were artificially concocted in the study. If we admit, then, that the 13 chapters were the genuine production of a military man living towards the end of the “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽun Chʽiu</span>” period, are we not bound, in spite of the silence of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, to accept <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien’s</span> account in its entirety? In view of his high repute as a sober historian, must we not hesitate to assume that the records he drew upon for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> biography were false and untrustworthy? The answer, I fear, must be in the negative. There is still one grave, if not fatal, objection to the chronology involved in the story as told in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, which, so far as I am aware, nobody has yet pointed out. There are two passages in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> in which he alludes to contemporary affairs. The first is in <a href="#chapter-6-p-21" epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</a>:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Though according to my estimate the soldiers of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved.</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p class="continued">The other is in <a href="#chapter-11-p-30" epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</a>:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shuai-jan</i>, I should answer, Yes. For the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> and the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>These two paragraphs are extremely valuable as evidence of the date of composition. They assign the work to the period of the struggle between <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>. So much has been observed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi I-hsün</span>. But what has hitherto escaped notice is that they also seriously impair the credibility of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien’s</span> narrative. As we have seen above, the first positive date given in connection with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> is 512 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. He is then spoken of as a general, acting as confidential adviser to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>, so that his alleged introduction to that monarch had already taken place, and of course the 13 chapters must have been written earlier still. But at that time, and for several years after, down to the capture of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span> in 506, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> and not <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>, was the great hereditary enemy of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. The two states, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, had been constantly at war for over half a century,<a href="#note-74" id="noteref-74" epub:type="noteref">74</a> whereas the first war between <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> was waged only in 510,<a href="#note-75" id="noteref-75" epub:type="noteref">75</a> and even then was no more than a short interlude sandwiched in the midst of the fierce struggle with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>. Now <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> is not mentioned in the 13 chapters at all. The natural inference is that they were written at a time when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> had become the prime antagonist of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, that is, after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> had suffered the great humiliation of 506. At this point, a table of dates may be found useful.</p>
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>
|
||
<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td/>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>514</td>
|
||
<td>Accession of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>512</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> attacks <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>, but is dissuaded from entering <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">郢</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>, the capital. <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> mentions <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> as general.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>511</td>
|
||
<td>Another attack on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>510</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> makes a successful attack on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>. This is the first war between the two states.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>509<br/>
|
||
or<br/>
|
||
508</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> invades <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, but is signally defeated at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">豫章</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü-chang</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>506</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> attacks <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> with the aid of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽai</span>. Decisive battle of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">柏舉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po-chü</span>, and capture of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>. Last mention of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> in <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>505</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> makes a raid on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> in the absence of its army. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> is beaten by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> and evacuates <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>504</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> sends <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫差</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Chʽai</span> to attack <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>497</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勾踐</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> becomes King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>496</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> attacks <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>, but is defeated by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">檇李</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsui-li</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> is killed.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>494</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Chʽai</span> defeats <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> in the great battle of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫椒</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu-chiao</span>, and enters the capital of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>485<br/>
|
||
or<br/>
|
||
484</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> renders homage to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. Death of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ-hsü</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>482</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> invades <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> in the absence of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Chʽai</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>478<br/>
|
||
to<br/>
|
||
476</td>
|
||
<td>Further attacks by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>475</td>
|
||
<td><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> lays siege to the capital of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>473</td>
|
||
<td>Final defeat and extinction of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<p>The sentence quoted above from <a href="#chapter-6-p-21">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a> hardly strikes me as one that could have been written in the full flush of victory. It seems rather to imply that, for the moment at least, the tide had turned against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, and that she was getting the worst of the struggle. Hence we may conclude that our treatise was not in existence in 505, before which date <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> does not appear to have scored any notable success against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> died in 496, so that if the book was written for him, it must have been during the period 505–496, when there was a lull in the hostilities, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> having presumably exhausted by its supreme effort against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>. On the other hand, if we choose to disregard the tradition connecting <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> name with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>, it might equally well have seen the light between 496 and 494, or possibly in the period 482–473, when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> was once again becoming a very serious menace.<a href="#note-76" id="noteref-76" epub:type="noteref">76</a> We may feel fairly certain that the author, whoever he may have been, was not a man of any great eminence in his own day. On this point the negative testimony of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i> far outweighs any shred of authority still attaching to the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, if once its other facts are discredited. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span>, however, makes a feeble attempt to explain the omission of his name from the great commentary. It was <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ-hsü</span>, he says, who got all the credit of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> exploits, because the latter (being an alien) was not rewarded with an office in the State.<a href="#note-77" id="noteref-77" epub:type="noteref">77</a></p>
|
||
<p>How then did the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> legend originate? It may be that the growing celebrity of the book imparted by degrees a kind of factitious renown to its author. It was felt to be only right and proper that one so well versed in the science of war should have solid achievements to his credit as well. Now the capture of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span> was undoubtedly the greatest feat of arms in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu’s</span> reign; it made a deep and lasting impression on all the surrounding states, and raised <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> to the short-lived zenith of her power. Hence, what more natural, as time went on, than that the acknowledged master of strategy, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, should be popularly identified with that campaign, at first perhaps only in the sense that his brain conceived and planned it; afterwards, that it was actually carried out by him in conjunction with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüan</span>,<a href="#note-78" id="noteref-78" epub:type="noteref">78</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Pʽei</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Kai</span>?</p>
|
||
<p>It is obvious that any attempt to reconstruct even the outline of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> life must be based almost wholly on conjecture. With this necessary proviso, I should say that he probably entered the service of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> about the time of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu’s</span> accession, and gathered experience, though only in the capacity of a subordinate officer, during the intense military activity which marked the first half of the prince’s reign.<a href="#note-79" id="noteref-79" epub:type="noteref">79</a> If he rose to be a general at all, he certainly was never on an equal footing with the three above mentioned. He was doubtless present at the investment and occupation of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ying</span>, and witnessed <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu’s</span> sudden collapse in the following year. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh’s</span> attack at this critical juncture, when her rival was embarrassed on every side, seems to have convinced him that this upstart kingdom was the great enemy against whom every effort would henceforth have to be directed. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> was thus a well-seasoned warrior when he sat down to write his famous book, which according to my reckoning must have appeared towards the end, rather than the beginning of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu’s</span> reign. The story of the women may possibly have grown out of some real incident occurring about the same time. As we hear no more of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> after this from any source, he is hardly likely to have survived his patron or to have taken part in the death-struggle with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>, which began with the disaster at <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsui-li</span>.</p>
|
||
<p>If these inferences are approximately correct, there is a certain irony in the fate which decreed that China’s most illustrious man of peace should be contemporary with her greatest writer on war.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="translators-intro-2" epub:type="introduction frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">The Text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span></h2>
|
||
<p>I have found it difficult to glean much about the history of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> text. The quotations that occur in early authors go to show that the “13 chapters” of which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span> speaks were essentially the same as those now extant. We have his word for it that they were widely circulated in his day, and can only regret that he refrained from discussing them on that account.<a href="#note-80" id="noteref-80" epub:type="noteref">80</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> says in his preface:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>During the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> dynasties <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> was in general use amongst military commanders, but they seem to have treated it as a work of mysterious import, and were unwilling to expound it for the benefit of posterity. Thus it came about that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Wu</span> was the first to write a commentary on it.<a href="#note-81" id="noteref-81" epub:type="noteref">81</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>As we have already seen, there is no reasonable ground to suppose that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> tampered with the text. But the text itself is often so obscure, and the number of editions which appeared from that time onward so great, especially during the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> dynasties, that it would be surprising if numerous corruptions had not managed to creep in. Towards the middle of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> period, by which time all the chief commentaries on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> were in existence, a certain <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吉天保</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao</span> published a work in 15 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i> entitled <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">十家孫子會注</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> with the collected commentaries of ten writers</i>.<a href="#note-82" id="noteref-82" epub:type="noteref">82</a> There was another text, with variant readings put forward by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu Fu</span> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大興</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ta-hsing</span>,<a href="#note-83" id="noteref-83" epub:type="noteref">83</a> which also had supporters among the scholars of that period; but in the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ming</span> editions, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> tells us, these readings were for some reason or other no longer put into circulation.<a href="#note-84" id="noteref-84" epub:type="noteref">84</a> Thus, until the end of the 18th century, the text in sole possession of the field was one derived from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao’s</span> edition, although no actual copy of that important work was known to have survived. That, therefore, is the text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> which appears in the War section of the great Imperial encyclopedia printed in 1726, the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">古今圖書集成</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ku Chin Tʽu Shu Chi Chʽêng</i>. Another copy at my disposal of what is practically the same text, with slight variations, is that contained in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">周秦十一子</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Eleven philosophers of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> dynasties</i> (1758). And the Chinese printed in <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s first edition is evidently a similar version which has filtered through Japanese channels. So things remained until <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫星衍</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> (1752–1818), a distinguished antiquarian and classical scholar,<a href="#note-85" id="noteref-85" epub:type="noteref">85</a> who claimed to be an actual descendant of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>,<a href="#note-86" id="noteref-86" epub:type="noteref">86</a> accidentally discovered a copy of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao’s</span> long-lost work, when on a visit to the library of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">華陰</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hua-yin</span> temple.<a href="#note-87" id="noteref-87" epub:type="noteref">87</a> Appended to it was the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遺說</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Shuo</i> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭友賢</span><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien</span>, mentioned in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Chih</i>, and also believed to have perished.<a href="#note-88" id="noteref-88" epub:type="noteref">88</a> This is what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> designates as the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">古本</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">原本</span> “original edition (or text)”—a rather misleading name, for it cannot by any means claim to set before us the text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> in its pristine purity. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao</span> was a careless compiler,<a href="#note-89" id="noteref-89" epub:type="noteref">89</a> and appears to have been content to reproduce the somewhat debased version current in his day, without troubling to collate it with the earliest editions then available. Fortunately, two versions of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, even older than the newly discovered work, were still extant, one buried in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu’s</span> great treatise on the Constitution, the other similarly enshrined in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Pʽing Yü Lan</i> encyclopedia. In both the complete text is to be found, though split up into fragments, intermixed with other matter, and scattered piecemeal over a number of different sections. Considering that the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> takes us back to the year 983, and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> about 200 years further still, to the middle of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty, the value of these early transcripts of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> can hardly be overestimated. Yet the idea of utilizing them does not seem to have occurred to anyone until <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span>, acting under Government instructions, undertook a thorough recension of the text. This is his own account:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Because of the numerous mistakes in the text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> which his editors had handed down, the Government ordered that the ancient edition [of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao</span>] should be used, and that the text should be revised and corrected throughout. It happened that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Nien-hu</span>, the Governor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi Kua</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsi</span>, a graduate of the second degree, had all devoted themselves to this study, probably surpassing me therein. Accordingly, I have had the whole work cut on blocks as a textbook for military men.<a href="#note-90" id="noteref-90" epub:type="noteref">90</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>The three individuals here referred to had evidently been occupied on the text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> prior to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen’s</span> commission, but we are left in doubt as to the work they really accomplished. At any rate, the new edition, when ultimately produced, appeared in the names of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> and only one co-editor <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳人驥</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Jên-shi</span>. They took the “original edition” as their basis, and by careful comparison with older versions, as well as the extant commentaries and other sources of information such as the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Shuo</i>, succeeded in restoring a very large number of doubtful passages, and turned out, on the whole, what must be accepted as the closest approximation we are ever likely to get to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> original work. This is what will hereafter be denominated the “standard text.”</p>
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<p>The copy which I have used belongs to a reissue dated 1877. It is in 6 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pên</i>, forming part of a well-printed set of 23 early philosophical works in 83 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pên</i>.<a href="#note-91" id="noteref-91" epub:type="noteref">91</a> It opens with a preface by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> (largely quoted in this introduction), vindicating the traditional view of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> life and performances, and summing up in remarkably concise fashion the evidence in its favor. This is followed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> preface to his edition, and the biography of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, both translated above. Then come, firstly, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien’s</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Shuo</i>,<a href="#note-92" id="noteref-92" epub:type="noteref">92</a> with author’s preface, and next, a short miscellany of historical and bibliographical information entitled <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子敘錄</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ Hsü Lu</i>, compiled by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畢以珣</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi I-hsün</span>. As regards the body of the work, each separate sentence is followed by a note on the text, if required, and then by the various commentaries appertaining to it, arranged in chronological order. These we shall now proceed to discuss briefly, one by one.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="translators-intro-3" epub:type="introduction frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
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<h2 epub:type="title">The Commentators</h2>
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> can boast an exceptionally long distinguished roll of commentators, which would do honor to any classic. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歐陽修</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ou-yang Hsiu</span> remarks on this fact, though he wrote before the tale was complete, and rather ingeniously explains it by saying that the artifices of war, being inexhaustible, must therefore be susceptible of treatment in a great variety of ways.<a href="#note-93" id="noteref-93" epub:type="noteref">93</a></p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曹操</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曹公</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, afterwards known as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏武帝</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Wu Ti</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 155–220). There is hardly any room for doubt that the earliest commentary on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> actually came from the pen of this extraordinary man, whose biography in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Kuo Chih</i><a href="#note-94" id="noteref-94" epub:type="noteref">94</a> reads like a romance. One of the greatest military geniuses that the world has seen, and Napoleonic in the scale of his operations, he was especially famed for the marvelous rapidity of his marches, which has found expression in the line <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">說曹操曹操就到</span> “Talk of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> will appear.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ou-yang Hsiu</span> says of him that he was a great captain who “measured his strength against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tung Cho</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Pu</span> and the two <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüan</span>, father and son, and vanquished them all; whereupon he divided the Empire of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu</span>, and made himself king. It is recorded that whenever a council of war was held by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> on the eve of a far-reaching campaign, he had all his calculations ready; those generals who made use of them did not lose one battle in ten; those who ran counter to them in any particular saw their armies incontinently beaten and put to flight.”<a href="#note-95" id="noteref-95" epub:type="noteref">95</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> notes on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, models of austere brevity, are so thoroughly characteristic of the stern commander known to history, that it is hard indeed to conceive of them as the work of a mere littérateur. Sometimes, indeed, owing to extreme compression, they are scarcely intelligible and stand no less in need of a commentary than the text itself.<a href="#note-96" id="noteref-96" epub:type="noteref">96</a> As we have seen, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> is the reputed author of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">新書</span>, a book of war in 100,000 odd words, now lost, but mentioned in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏志</span>.<a href="#note-97" id="noteref-97" epub:type="noteref">97</a></p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孟氏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span>. The commentary which has come down to us under this name is comparatively meager, and nothing about the author is known. Even his personal name has not been recorded. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao’s</span> edition places him after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鼂公武</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> also assigns him to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty,<a href="#note-98" id="noteref-98" epub:type="noteref">98</a> but this is a mistake, as his work is mentioned in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隋書經籍志</span>. In <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen’s</span> preface, he appears as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liang</span> dynasty (502–557). Others would identify him with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孟康</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Kʽang</span> of the 3rd century. In the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋史藝文志</span>,<a href="#note-99" id="noteref-99" epub:type="noteref">99</a> he is named in one work as the last of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五家</span> “Five Commentators,” the others being <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Wu Ti</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李筌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> of the 8th century was a well-known writer on military tactics. His <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太白陰經</span> has been in constant use down to the present day. The <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通志</span> mentions <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閫外春秋</span> (<i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">lives of famous generals from the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty</i>) as written by him.<a href="#note-100" id="noteref-100" epub:type="noteref">100</a> He is also generally supposed to be the real author of the popular Taoist tract, the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陰符經</span>. According to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien-i-ko</i> catalogue,<a href="#note-101" id="noteref-101" epub:type="noteref">101</a> he followed the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太乙遁甲</span> text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> which differs considerably from those now extant. His notes are mostly short and to the point, and he frequently illustrates his remarks by anecdotes from Chinese history.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">杜佑</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> (died 812) did not publish a separate commentary on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, his notes being taken from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, the encyclopedic treatise on the Constitution which was his lifework. They are largely repetitions of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span>, besides which it is believed that he drew on the ancient commentaries of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王凌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Ling</span> and others. Owing to the peculiar arrangement of <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, he has to explain each passage on its merits, apart from the context, and sometimes his own explanation does not agree with that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, whom he always quotes first. Though not strictly to be reckoned as one of the “Ten Commentators,” he was added to their number by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao</span>, being wrongly placed after his grandson <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">杜牧</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> (803–852) is perhaps the best known as a poet—a bright star even in the glorious galaxy of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> period. We learn from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> that although he had no practical experience of war, he was extremely fond of discussing the subject, and was moreover well read in the military history of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽun Chʽiu</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chan Kuo</i> eras.<a href="#note-102" id="noteref-102" epub:type="noteref">102</a> His notes, therefore, are well worth attention. They are very copious, and replete with historical parallels. The gist of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> work is thus summarized by him: “Practice benevolence and justice, but on the other hand make full use of artifice and measures of expediency.”<a href="#note-103" id="noteref-103" epub:type="noteref">103</a> He further declared that all the military triumphs and disasters of the thousand years which had elapsed since <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> death would, upon examination, be found to uphold and corroborate, in every particular, the maxims contained in his book.<a href="#note-104" id="noteref-104" epub:type="noteref">104</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> somewhat spiteful charge against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> has already been considered elsewhere.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陳皡</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> appears to have been a contemporary of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> says that he was impelled to write a new commentary on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> because <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> on the one hand was too obscure and subtle, and that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> on the other too long-winded and diffuse.<a href="#note-105" id="noteref-105" epub:type="noteref">105</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ou-yang Hsiu</span>, writing in the middle of the 11th century, calls <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> the three chief commentators on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三家</span>), and observes that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> is continually attacking <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> shortcomings. His commentary, though not lacking in merit, must rank below those of his predecessors.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">賈林</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> is known to have lived under the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty, for his commentary on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is mentioned in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">唐書</span> and was afterwards republished by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">紀燮</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Hsieh</span> of the same dynasty together with those of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>.<a href="#note-106" id="noteref-106" epub:type="noteref">106</a> It is of somewhat scanty texture, and in point of quality, too, perhaps the least valuable of the eleven.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">梅堯臣</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> (1002–1060), commonly known by his “style” as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">聖兪</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shêng-yü</span>, was, like <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, a poet of distinction. His commentary was published with a laudatory preface by the great <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ou-yang Hsiu</span>, from which we may cull the following:—</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Later scholars have misread <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, distorting his words and trying to make them square with their own one-sided views. Thus, though commentators have not been lacking, only a few have proved equal to the task. My friend <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shêng-yü</span> has not fallen into this mistake. In attempting to provide a critical commentary for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> work, he does not lose sight of the fact that these sayings were intended for states engaged in internecine warfare; that the author is not concerned with the military conditions prevailing under the sovereigns of the three ancient dynasties,<a href="#note-107" id="noteref-107" epub:type="noteref">107</a> nor with the nine punitive measures prescribed to the Minister of War.<a href="#note-108" id="noteref-108" epub:type="noteref">108</a> Again, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> loved brevity of diction, but his meaning is always deep. Whether the subject be marching an army, or handling soldiers, or estimating the enemy, or controlling the forces of victory, it is always systematically treated; the sayings are bound together in strict logical sequence, though this has been obscured by commentators who have probably failed to grasp their meaning. In his own commentary, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Shêng-yü</span> has brushed aside all the obstinate prejudices of these critics, and has tried to bring out the true meaning of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> himself. In this way, the clouds of confusion have been dispersed and the sayings made clear. I am convinced that the present work deserves to be handed down side by side with the three great commentaries; and for a great deal that they find in the sayings, coming generations will have constant reason to thank my friend <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shêng-yü</span>.<a href="#note-109" id="noteref-109" epub:type="noteref">109</a></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>Making some allowance for the exuberance of friendship, I am inclined to endorse this favourable judgment, and would certainly place him above <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> in order of merit.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王皙</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, also of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> dynasty, is decidedly original in some of his interpretations, but much less judicious than <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>, and on the whole not a very trustworthy guide. He is fond of comparing his own commentary with that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, but the comparison is not often flattering to him. We learn from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> revised the ancient text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, filling up lacunae and correcting mistakes.<a href="#note-110" id="noteref-110" epub:type="noteref">110</a></p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">何延錫</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Yen-hsi</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> dynasty. The personal name of this commentator is given as above by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭樵</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Chʽiao</span> in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Chih</i>, written about the middle of the twelfth century, but he appears simply as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">何氏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yu Hai</i>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ma Tuan-lin</span> quotes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> as saying that his personal name is unknown. There seems to be no reason to doubt <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Chʽiao’s</span> statement, otherwise I should have been inclined to hazard a guess and identify him with one <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">何去非</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Chʽü-fei</span>, the author of a short treatise on war entitled <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">備論</span>, who lived in the latter part of the 11th century.<a href="#note-111" id="noteref-111" epub:type="noteref">111</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih’s</span> commentary, in the words of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien-i-ko</i> catalogue, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">有所裨益</span> “contains helpful additions” here and there, but is chiefly remarkable for the copious extracts taken, in adapted form, from the dynastic histories and other sources.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張預</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>. The list closes with a commentator of no great originality perhaps, but gifted with admirable powers of lucid exposition. His commentary is based on that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, whose terse sentences he contrives to expand and develop in masterly fashion. Without <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, it is safe to say that much of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> commentary would have remained cloaked in its pristine obscurity and therefore valueless. His work is not mentioned in the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> history, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Kʽao</i>, or the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yu Hai</i>, but it finds a niche in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Chih</i>, which also names him as the author of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">百將傳</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Lives of Famous Generals</i>.<a href="#note-112" id="noteref-112" epub:type="noteref">112</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>It is rather remarkable that the last-named four should all have flourished within so short a space of time. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽao Kung-wu</span> accounts for it by saying: “During the early years of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> dynasty the Empire enjoyed a long spell of peace, and men ceased to practice the art of war. But when [<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span>] <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüan-hao’s</span> rebellion came [1038–42] and the frontier generals were defeated time after time, the Court made strenuous inquiry for men skilled in war, and military topics became the vogue amongst all the high officials. Hence it is that the commentators of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> in our dynasty belong mainly to that period.”<a href="#note-113" id="noteref-113" epub:type="noteref">113</a></p>
|
||
<p>Besides these eleven commentators, there are several others whose work has not come down to us. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui Shu</i> mentions four, namely <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王凌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Ling</span> (often quoted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王子</span>); <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張子尚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Tzǔ-shang</span>; <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">賈詡</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Hsü</span> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span>;<a href="#note-114" id="noteref-114" epub:type="noteref">114</a> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">沈友</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shên Yu</span> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang Shu</i> adds <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫鎬</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hao</span>, and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Chih</i> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蕭吉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao Chi</span>, while the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> mentions a <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ming</span> commentator, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">黃潤玉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang Jun-yü</span>. It is possible that some of these may have been merely collectors and editors of other commentaries, like <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Tʽien-pao</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi Hsieh</span>, mentioned above. Certainly in the case of the latter, the entry <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">紀燮注孫子</span> in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Kʽao</i>, without the following note, would give one to understand that he had written an independent commentary of his own.</p>
|
||
<p>There are two works, described in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssu Kʽu Chʽüan Shu</i><a href="#note-115" id="noteref-115" epub:type="noteref">115</a> and no doubt extremely rare, which I should much like to have seen. One is entitled <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子參同</span>, in 5 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>. It gives selections from four new commentators, probably of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ming</span> dynasty, as well as from the eleven known to us. The names of the four are <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">解元</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsieh Yüan</span>; <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張鏊</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Ao</span>; <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李村</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Tsʽai</span>; and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">黃治徵</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang Chih-chêng</span>. The other work is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子彙徵</span> in 4 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>, compiled by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭端</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Tuan</span> of the present dynasty. It is a compendium of information on ancient warfare, with special reference to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> 13 chapters.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="translators-intro-4" epub:type="introduction frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Appreciations of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span></h2>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> has exercised a potent fascination over the minds of some of China’s greatest men. Among the famous generals who are known to have studied his pages with enthusiasm may be mentioned <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">韓信</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 196 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>),<a href="#note-116" id="noteref-116" epub:type="noteref">116</a> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">馮異</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fêng I</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 34 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>),<a href="#note-117" id="noteref-117" epub:type="noteref">117</a> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂蒙</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Mêng</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 219),<a href="#note-118" id="noteref-118" epub:type="noteref">118</a> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">岳飛</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yo Fei</span> (1103–1141).<a href="#note-119" id="noteref-119" epub:type="noteref">119</a> The opinion of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, who disputes with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> the highest place in Chinese military annals, has already been recorded.<a href="#note-120" id="noteref-120" epub:type="noteref">120</a> Still more remarkable, in one way, is the testimony of purely literary men, such as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蘇洵</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Su Hsün</span> (the father of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Su Tung-pʽo</span>), who wrote several essays on military topics, all of which owe their chief inspiration to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. The following short passage by him is preserved in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yu Hai</i>:<a href="#note-121" id="noteref-121" epub:type="noteref">121</a>—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> saying, that in war one cannot make certain of conquering,<a href="#note-122" id="noteref-122" epub:type="noteref">122</a> is very different indeed from what other books tell us.<a href="#note-123" id="noteref-123" epub:type="noteref">123</a> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span> was a man of the same stamp as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>: they both wrote books on war, and they are linked together in popular speech as “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.” But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi’s</span> remarks on war are less weighty, his rules are rougher and more crudely stated, and there is not the same unity of plan as in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> work, where the style is terse, but the meaning fully brought out.<a href="#note-124" id="noteref-124" epub:type="noteref">124</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>The <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">性理彙要</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 17, contains the following extract from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">藝圃折衷</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Impartial Judgments in the Garden of Literature</i> by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭厚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Hou</span>:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> 13 chapters are not only the staple and base of all military men’s training, but also compel the most careful attention of scholars and men of letters. His sayings are terse yet elegant, simple yet profound, perspicuous and eminently practical. Such works as the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Ching</i> and the great Commentary,<a href="#note-125" id="noteref-125" epub:type="noteref">125</a> as well as the writings of Mencius, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsün Kʽuang</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yang Chu</span>, all fall below the level of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>.<a href="#note-126" id="noteref-126" epub:type="noteref">126</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu Hsi</span>, commenting on this, fully admits the first part of the criticism, although he dislikes the audacious comparison with the venerated classical works. Language of this sort, he says, “encourages a ruler’s bent towards unrelenting warfare and reckless militarism.”<a href="#note-127" id="noteref-127" epub:type="noteref">127</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="translators-intro-5" epub:type="introduction frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Apologies for War</h2>
|
||
<p>Accustomed as we are to think of China as the greatest peace-loving nation on earth, we are in some danger of forgetting that her experience of war in all its phases has also been such as no modern State can parallel. Her long military annals stretch back to a point at which they are lost in the mists of time. She had built the Great Wall and was maintaining a huge standing army along her frontier centuries before the first Roman legionary was seen on the Danube. What with the perpetual collisions of the ancient feudal States, the grim conflicts with Huns, Turks and other invaders after the centralization of government, the terrific upheavals which accompanied the overthrow of so many dynasties, besides the countless rebellions and minor disturbances that have flamed up and flickered out again one by one, it is hardly too much to say that the clash of arms has never ceased to resound in one portion or another of the Empire.</p>
|
||
<p>No less remarkable is the succession of illustrious captains to whom China can point with pride. As in all countries, the greatest are fond of emerging at the most fateful crises of her history. Thus, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Chʽi</span> stands out conspicuous in the period when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> was entering upon her final struggle with the remaining independent states. The stormy years which followed the breakup of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> dynasty are illuminated by the transcendent genius of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span>. When the House of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> in turn is tottering to its fall, the great and baleful figure of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> dominates the scene. And in the establishment of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty, one of the mightiest tasks achieved by man, the superhuman energy of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Shih-min</span> (afterwards the Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Tsung</span>) was seconded by the brilliant strategy of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span>. None of these generals need fear comparison with the greatest names in the military history of Europe.</p>
|
||
<p>In spite of all this, the great body of Chinese sentiment, from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lao Tzǔ</span> downwards, and especially as reflected in the standard literature of Confucianism, has been consistently pacific and intensely opposed to militarism in any form. It is such an uncommon thing to find any of the literati defending warfare on principle, that I have thought it worth while to collect and translate a few passages in which the unorthodox view is upheld. The following, by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien</span>, shows that for all his ardent admiration of Confucius, he was yet no advocate of peace at any price:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Military weapons are the means used by the Sage to punish violence and cruelty, to give peace to troublous times, to remove difficulties and dangers, and to succor those who are in peril. Every animal with blood in its veins and horns on its head will fight when it is attacked. How much more so will man, who carries in his breast the faculties of love and hatred, joy and anger! When he is pleased, a feeling of affection springs up within him; when angry, his poisoned sting is brought into play. That is the natural law which governs his being. … What then shall be said of those scholars of our time, blind to all great issues, and without any appreciation of relative values, who can only bark out their stale formulas about “virtue” and “civilization,” condemning the use of military weapons? They will surely bring our country to impotence and dishonor and the loss of her rightful heritage; or, at the very least, they will bring about invasion and rebellion, sacrifice of territory and general enfeeblement. Yet they obstinately refuse to modify the position they have taken up. The truth is that, just as in the family the teacher must not spare the rod, and punishments cannot be dispensed with in the State, so military chastisement can never be allowed to fall into abeyance in the Empire. All one can say is that this power will be exercised wisely by some, foolishly by others, and that among those who bear arms some will be loyal and others rebellious.<a href="#note-128" id="noteref-128" epub:type="noteref">128</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>The next piece is taken from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> preface to his commentary on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote id="translators-intro-5-blockquote-2">
|
||
<p>War may be defined as punishment, which is one of the functions of government. It was the profession of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chung Yu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jan Chʽiu</span>, both disciples of Confucius. Nowadays, the holding of trials and hearing of litigation, the imprisonment of offenders and their execution by flogging in the marketplace, are all done by officials. But the wielding of huge armies, the throwing down of fortified cities, the hauling of women and children into captivity, and the beheading of traitors—this is also work which is done by officials. The objects of the rack<a href="#note-129" id="noteref-129" epub:type="noteref">129</a> and of military weapons are essentially the same. There is no intrinsic difference between the punishment of flogging and cutting off heads in war. For the lesser infractions of law, which are easily dealt with, only a small amount of force need be employed: hence the use of military weapons and wholesale decapitation. In both cases, however, the end in view is to get rid of wicked people, and to give comfort and relief to the good<a href="#note-130" id="noteref-130" epub:type="noteref">130</a> …</p>
|
||
<p id="translators-intro-5-p-7"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-sun</span> asked <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jan Yu</span>, saying: “Have you, Sir, acquired your military aptitude by study, or is it innate?” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jan Yu</span> replied: “It has been acquired by study.”<a href="#note-131" id="noteref-131" epub:type="noteref">131</a> “How can that be so,” said <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-sun</span>, “seeing that you are a disciple of Confucius?” “It is a fact,” replied <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jan Yu</span>; “I was taught by Confucius. It is fitting that the great Sage should exercise both civil and military functions, though to be sure my instruction in the art of fighting has not yet gone very far.”</p>
|
||
<p>Now, who the author was of this rigid distinction between the “civil” and the “military,” and the limitation of each to a separate sphere of action, or in what year of which dynasty it was first introduced, is more than I can say. But, at any rate, it has come about that the members of the governing class are quite afraid of enlarging on military topics, or do so only in a shamefaced manner. If any are bold enough to discuss the subject, they are at once set down as eccentric individuals of coarse and brutal propensities. This is an extraordinary instance in which, through sheer lack of reasoning, men unhappily lose sight of fundamental principles.<a href="#note-132" id="noteref-132" epub:type="noteref">132</a></p>
|
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<p id="translators-intro-5-p-9">When the Duke of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> was minister under <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽêng Wang</span>, he regulated ceremonies and made music, and venerated the arts of scholarship and learning; yet when the barbarians of the River <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huai</span> revolted,<a href="#note-133" id="noteref-133" epub:type="noteref">133</a> he sallied forth and chastised them. When Confucius held office under the Duke of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu</span>, and a meeting was convened at <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia-ku</span>,<a href="#note-134" id="noteref-134" epub:type="noteref">134</a> he said: “If pacific negotiations are in progress, warlike preparations should have been made beforehand.” He rebuked and shamed the Marquis of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, who cowered under him and dared not proceed to violence. How can it be said that these two great Sages had no knowledge of military matters?<a href="#note-135" id="noteref-135" epub:type="noteref">135</a></p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>We have seen that the great <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu Hsi</span> held <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> in high esteem. He also appeals to the authority of the Classics:—</p>
|
||
<blockquote id="translators-intro-5-blockquote-3">
|
||
<p>Our Master Confucius, answering Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ling</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span>, said: “I have never studied matters connected with armies and battalions.”<a href="#note-136" id="noteref-136" epub:type="noteref">136</a> Replying to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽung Wên-tzǔ</span>, he said: “I have not been instructed about buff-coats and weapons.”<a href="#note-137" id="noteref-137" epub:type="noteref">137</a> But if we turn to the meeting at <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia-ku</span>,<a href="#note-138" id="noteref-138" epub:type="noteref">138</a> we find that he used armed force against the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lai</span>,<a href="#note-139" id="noteref-139" epub:type="noteref">139</a> so that the marquis of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> was overawed. Again, when the inhabitants of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi</span> revolted; he ordered his officers to attack them, whereupon they were defeated and fled in confusion.<a href="#note-140" id="noteref-140" epub:type="noteref">140</a> He once uttered the words: “If I fight, I conquer.”<a href="#note-141" id="noteref-141" epub:type="noteref">141</a> And <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jan Yu</span> also said: “The Sage exercises both civil and military functions.”<a href="#note-142" id="noteref-142" epub:type="noteref">142</a> Can it be a fact that Confucius never studied or received instruction in the art of war? We can only say that he did not specially choose matters connected with armies and fighting to be the subject of his teaching.<a href="#note-143" id="noteref-143" epub:type="noteref">143</a></p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span>, the editor of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, writes in similar strain:—</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Confucius said: “I am unversed in military matters.”<a href="#note-144" id="noteref-144" epub:type="noteref">144</a> He also said: “If I fight, I conquer.”<a href="#note-144" epub:type="noteref">144</a> Confucius ordered ceremonies and regulated music. Now war constitutes one of the five classes of State ceremonial,<a href="#note-145" id="noteref-145" epub:type="noteref">145</a> and must not be treated as an independent branch of study. Hence, the words “I am unversed in” must be taken to mean that there are things which even an inspired Teacher does not know. Those who have to lead an army and devise stratagems, must learn the art of war. But if one can command the services of a good general like <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, who was employed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ-hsü</span>, there is no need to learn it oneself. Hence the remark added by Confucius: “If I fight, I conquer.”<a href="#note-146" id="noteref-146" epub:type="noteref">146</a></p>
|
||
<p>The men of the present day, however, willfully interpret these words of Confucius in their narrowest sense, as though he meant that books on the art of war were not worth reading. With blind persistency, they adduce the example of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Kua</span>, who pored over his father’s books to no purpose,<a href="#note-147" id="noteref-147" epub:type="noteref">147</a> as a proof that all military theory is useless. Again, seeing that books on war have to do with such things as opportunism in designing plans, and the conversion of spies, they hold that the art is immoral and unworthy of a sage. These people ignore the fact that the studies of our scholars and the civil administration of our officials also require steady application and practice before efficiency is reached. The ancients were particularly chary of allowing mere novices to botch their work.<a href="#note-148" id="noteref-148" epub:type="noteref">148</a> Weapons are baneful<a href="#note-149" id="noteref-149" epub:type="noteref">149</a> and fighting perilous; and unless a general is in constant practice, he ought not to hazard other men’s lives in battle.<a href="#note-150" id="noteref-150" epub:type="noteref">150</a> Hence it is essential that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> 13 chapters should be studied.<a href="#note-151" id="noteref-151" epub:type="noteref">151</a></p>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiang Liang</span> used to instruct his nephew <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi</span><a href="#note-152" id="noteref-152" epub:type="noteref">152</a> in the art of war. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi</span> got a rough idea of the art in its general bearings, but would not pursue his studies to their proper outcome, the consequence being that he was finally defeated and overthrown. He did not realize that the tricks and artifices of war are beyond verbal computation. Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiang</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span><a href="#note-153" id="noteref-153" epub:type="noteref">153</a> and King <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü</span><a href="#note-154" id="noteref-154" epub:type="noteref">154</a> were brought to destruction by their misplaced humanity. The treacherous and underhand nature of war necessitates the use of guile and stratagem suited to the occasion. There is a case on record of Confucius himself having violated an extorted oath,<a href="#note-155" id="noteref-155" epub:type="noteref">155</a> and also of his having left the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> State in disguise.<a href="#note-156" id="noteref-156" epub:type="noteref">156</a> Can we then recklessly arraign <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> for disregarding truth and honesty?<a href="#note-157" id="noteref-157" epub:type="noteref">157</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="bibliography" epub:type="bibliography frontmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Bibliography</h2>
|
||
<p>The following are the oldest Chinese treatises on war, after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. The notes on each have been drawn principally from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">西庫全書簡明目錄</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ kʽu chʽüan shu chien ming mu lu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 9, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 22 <abbr class="eoc">sqq.</abbr></p>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳子</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</i>, in 1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i> or 6 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">篇</span> chapters. By <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳起</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 381 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>). A genuine work. See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 65.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p id="bibliography-p-3"><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司馬法</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</i>, in 1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i> or 5 chapters. Wrongly attributed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司馬穰苴</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Jang-chü</span> of the 6th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. Its date, however, must be early, as the customs of the three ancient dynasties are constantly to be met within its pages.<a href="#note-158" id="noteref-158" epub:type="noteref">158</a> See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 64.</p>
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ Kʽu Chʽüan Shu</i> (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 99, <abbr>f.</abbr> 1) remarks that the oldest three treatises on war, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</i>, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</i>, are, generally speaking, only concerned with things strictly military—the art of producing, collecting, training and drilling troops, and the correct theory with regard to measures of expediency, laying plans, transport of goods and the handling of soldiers<a href="#note-159" id="noteref-159" epub:type="noteref">159</a>—in strong contrast to later works, in which the science of war is usually blended with metaphysics, divination and magical arts in general.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p id="bibliography-p-5"><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">六韜</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Tʽao</i>, in 6 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>, or 60 chapters. Attributed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂望</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Wang</span> (or <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shang</span>, also known as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太公</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span>) of the 12th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>.<a href="#note-160" id="noteref-160" epub:type="noteref">160</a> But its style does not belong to the era of the Three Dynasties.<a href="#note-161" id="noteref-161" epub:type="noteref">161</a> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陸德明</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu Tê-ming</span> (550–625 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>) mentions the work, and enumerates the headings of the six sections, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">文</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">虎</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">豹</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">龍</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">犬</span>, so that the forgery cannot have been later than <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui</span> dynasty.</p>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尉繚子</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</i>, in 5 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>. Attributed to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao</span> (4th cent. <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>), who studied under the famous <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬼谷子</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuei-ku Tzǔ</span>. The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">漢志</span>, under <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵家</span>, mentions a book of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao</span> in 31 chapters, whereas the text we possess contains only 24. Its matter is sound enough in the main, though the strategical devices differ considerably from those of the Warring States period.<a href="#note-162" id="noteref-162" epub:type="noteref">162</a> It is been furnished with a commentary by the well-known <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> philosopher <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張載</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Tsai</span>.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三略</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Lüeh</i> in 3 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>. Attributed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">黃石公</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-shih Kung</span>, a legendary personage who is said to have bestowed it on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Liang</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 187 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>) in an interview on a bridge.<a href="#note-163" id="noteref-163" epub:type="noteref">163</a> But here again, the style is not that of works dating from the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> or <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> period. The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuang Wu</span> (25–57 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>) apparently quotes from it in one of his proclamations; but the passage in question may have been inserted later on, in order to prove the genuineness of the work. We shall not be far out if we refer it to the Northern <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> period (420–478 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>), or somewhat earlier.<a href="#note-164" id="noteref-164" epub:type="noteref">164</a></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李衛公問對</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Wei Kung Wên Tui</i>, in 3 sections. Written in the form of a dialogue between <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Tsung</span> and his great general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李靖</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span>, it is usually ascribed to the latter. Competent authorities consider it a forgery, though the author was evidently well versed in the art of war.<a href="#note-165" id="noteref-165" epub:type="noteref">165</a></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李靖兵法</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching Ping Fa</i> (not to be confounded with the foregoing) is a short treatise in 8 chapters, preserved in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, but not published separately. This fact explains its omission from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ Kʽu Chʽüan Shu</i>.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">握奇經</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi Ching</i>,<a href="#note-166" id="noteref-166" epub:type="noteref">166</a> in 1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>. Attributed to the legendary minister <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">風后</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fêng Hou</span>, with exegetical notes by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">公孫宏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kung-sun Hung</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> dynasty (<abbr>d.</abbr> 121 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>), and said to have been eulogized by the celebrated general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">馬隆</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ma Lung</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 300 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>). Yet the earliest mention of it is in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋志</span>. Although a forgery, the work is well put together.<a href="#note-167" id="noteref-167" epub:type="noteref">167</a></p>
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</li>
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</ol>
|
||
<p>Considering the high popular estimation in which <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諸葛亮</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span> has always been held, it is not surprising to find more than one work on war ascribed to his pen. Such are (1) the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">十六策</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Liu Tsʽê</i> (1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>), preserved in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">永樂大典</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yung Lo Ta Tien</i>; (2) <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將苑</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chiang Yüan</i> (1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>); and (3) <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">心書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Shu</i> (1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>), which steals wholesale from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. None of these has the slightest claim to be considered genuine.</p>
|
||
<p>Most of the large Chinese encyclopedias contain extensive sections devoted to the literature of war. The following references may be found useful:—</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通典</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> (circa 800 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 148–162</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太平御覧</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Pʽing Yu Lan</i> (983), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 270–35.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">文獻通考</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wen Hsien Tung Kʽao</i> (13th cent.), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">玉海</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yu Hai</i> (13th cent.), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 140, 141.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三才圖會</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Tsʽai Tʽu Hui</i> (16th cent), <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人事</span> <abbr>ch.</abbr> 7, 8.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廣博物志</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuang Po Wu Chih</i> (1607), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 31, 32.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潛確類書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Chʽüeh Lei Shu</i> (1632), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 75.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">淵鑑類函</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüan Chien Lei Han</i> (1710), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 206–229</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">古今圖書集成</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ku Chin Tʽu Shu Chi Chʽeng</i> (1726), section <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXX</span>, <abbr>esp.</abbr> <abbr>ch.</abbr> 81–90</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">續文獻通考</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsu Wen Hsien Tʽung Kʽao</i> (1784), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 121–134</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皇朝經世文編</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang Chʽao Ching Shih Wen Pien</i> (1826), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 76, 77.</p>
|
||
<p>The bibliographical sections of certain historical works also deserve mention:—</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">前漢書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 30.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隋書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 32–35</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舊唐書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chiu Tʽang Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 46, 47.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">新唐書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Tʽang Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 57,60.</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋史</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung Shih</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 202–209</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通志</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Chih</i> (circa 1150), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 68.</p>
|
||
<p>To these of course must be added the great Catalogue of the Imperial Library:—</p>
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">四庫全書總目提要</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ Kʽu Chʽüan Shu Tsung Mu Tʽi Yao</i> (1790), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 99, 100.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="halftitlepage" epub:type="halftitlepage frontmatter">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="fulltitle">The Art of War</h2>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-1" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">I</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Laying Plans<a href="#note-168" id="noteref-168" epub:type="noteref">168</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-2">It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-3">The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.<a href="#note-169" id="noteref-169" epub:type="noteref">169</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-4">These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.<a href="#note-170" id="noteref-170" epub:type="noteref">170</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-5"><em>The Moral Law</em> causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.<a href="#note-171" id="noteref-171" epub:type="noteref">171</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-6"><em>Heaven</em> signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.<a href="#note-172" id="noteref-172" epub:type="noteref">172</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-7"><em>Earth</em> comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.<a href="#note-173" id="noteref-173" epub:type="noteref">173</a></p>
|
||
<p><em>The Commander</em> stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.<a href="#note-174" id="noteref-174" epub:type="noteref">174</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-9">By <em>Method and discipline</em> are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.<a href="#note-175" id="noteref-175" epub:type="noteref">175</a></p>
|
||
<p>These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-11">Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:—<a href="#note-176" id="noteref-176" epub:type="noteref">176</a></p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-12">Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?<a href="#note-177" id="noteref-177" epub:type="noteref">177</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Which of the two generals has most ability?</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?<a href="#note-178" id="noteref-178" epub:type="noteref">178</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?<a href="#note-179" id="noteref-179" epub:type="noteref">179</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Which army is stronger?<a href="#note-180" id="noteref-180" epub:type="noteref">180</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>On which side are officers and men more highly trained?<a href="#note-181" id="noteref-181" epub:type="noteref">181</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?<a href="#note-182" id="noteref-182" epub:type="noteref">182</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-20">The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:—let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:—let such a one be dismissed!<a href="#note-183" id="noteref-183" epub:type="noteref">183</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-21">While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.<a href="#note-184" id="noteref-184" epub:type="noteref">184</a></p>
|
||
<p>According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans.<a href="#note-185" id="noteref-185" epub:type="noteref">185</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-23">All warfare is based on deception.<a href="#note-186" id="noteref-186" epub:type="noteref">186</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-24">Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-25">Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.<a href="#note-187" id="noteref-187" epub:type="noteref">187</a></p>
|
||
<p>If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him.<a href="#note-188" id="noteref-188" epub:type="noteref">188</a></p>
|
||
<p>If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.<a href="#note-189" id="noteref-189" epub:type="noteref">189</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-28">If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.<a href="#note-190" id="noteref-190" epub:type="noteref">190</a> If his forces are united, separate them.<a href="#note-191" id="noteref-191" epub:type="noteref">191</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-29">Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.</p>
|
||
<p>These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.<a href="#note-192" id="noteref-192" epub:type="noteref">192</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-1-p-31">Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.<a href="#note-193" id="noteref-193" epub:type="noteref">193</a> The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-2" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">II</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Waging War<a href="#note-194" id="noteref-194" epub:type="noteref">194</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,<a href="#note-195" id="noteref-195" epub:type="noteref">195</a> with provisions enough to carry them a thousand <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i>,<a href="#note-196" id="noteref-196" epub:type="noteref">196</a> the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.<a href="#note-197" id="noteref-197" epub:type="noteref">197</a> Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.<a href="#note-198" id="noteref-198" epub:type="noteref">198</a></p>
|
||
<p>When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped.<a href="#note-199" id="noteref-199" epub:type="noteref">199</a> If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.<a href="#note-200" id="noteref-200" epub:type="noteref">200</a></p>
|
||
<p>Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.<a href="#note-201" id="noteref-201" epub:type="noteref">201</a></p>
|
||
<p>Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.<a href="#note-202" id="noteref-202" epub:type="noteref">202</a></p>
|
||
<p>Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.<a href="#note-203" id="noteref-203" epub:type="noteref">203</a></p>
|
||
<p>There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.<a href="#note-204" id="noteref-204" epub:type="noteref">204</a></p>
|
||
<p>It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.<a href="#note-205" id="noteref-205" epub:type="noteref">205</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-8">The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.<a href="#note-206" id="noteref-206" epub:type="noteref">206</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-9">Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.<a href="#note-207" id="noteref-207" epub:type="noteref">207</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-10">Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.<a href="#note-208" id="noteref-208" epub:type="noteref">208</a></p>
|
||
<p>On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away.<a href="#note-209" id="noteref-209" epub:type="noteref">209</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-12">When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.<a href="#note-210" id="noteref-210" epub:type="noteref">210</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-13">With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;<a href="#note-211" id="noteref-211" epub:type="noteref">211</a> while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breastplates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.<a href="#note-212" id="noteref-212" epub:type="noteref">212</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one’s own store.<a href="#note-213" id="noteref-213" epub:type="noteref">213</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-15">Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.<a href="#note-214" id="noteref-214" epub:type="noteref">214</a></p>
|
||
<p>Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first.<a href="#note-215" id="noteref-215" epub:type="noteref">215</a> Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.</p>
|
||
<p>This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own strength.</p>
|
||
<p>In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.<a href="#note-216" id="noteref-216" epub:type="noteref">216</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-2-p-19">Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.<a href="#note-217" id="noteref-217" epub:type="noteref">217</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-3" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">III</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Attack by Stratagem</p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.<a href="#note-218" id="noteref-218" epub:type="noteref">218</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-2">Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.<a href="#note-219" id="noteref-219" epub:type="noteref">219</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-3">Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy’s plans;<a href="#note-220" id="noteref-220" epub:type="noteref">220</a> the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces;<a href="#note-221" id="noteref-221" epub:type="noteref">221</a> the next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field;<a href="#note-222" id="noteref-222" epub:type="noteref">222</a> and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.<a href="#note-223" id="noteref-223" epub:type="noteref">223</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-4">The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.<a href="#note-224" id="noteref-224" epub:type="noteref">224</a> The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months;<a href="#note-225" id="noteref-225" epub:type="noteref">225</a> and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.<a href="#note-226" id="noteref-226" epub:type="noteref">226</a></p>
|
||
<p>The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,<a href="#note-227" id="noteref-227" epub:type="noteref">227</a> with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.<a href="#note-228" id="noteref-228" epub:type="noteref">228</a></p>
|
||
<p>Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.<a href="#note-229" id="noteref-229" epub:type="noteref">229</a></p>
|
||
<p>With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete.<a href="#note-230" id="noteref-230" epub:type="noteref">230</a> This is the method of attacking by stratagem.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-8">It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him;<a href="#note-231" id="noteref-231" epub:type="noteref">231</a> if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.<a href="#note-232" id="noteref-232" epub:type="noteref">232</a></p>
|
||
<p>If equally matched, we can offer battle;<a href="#note-233" id="noteref-233" epub:type="noteref">233</a> if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;<a href="#note-234" id="noteref-234" epub:type="noteref">234</a> if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-10">Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.<a href="#note-235" id="noteref-235" epub:type="noteref">235</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-11">Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.<a href="#note-236" id="noteref-236" epub:type="noteref">236</a></p>
|
||
<p>There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:—</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-13">By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.<a href="#note-237" id="noteref-237" epub:type="noteref">237</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-14">By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds.<a href="#note-238" id="noteref-238" epub:type="noteref">238</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-15">By employing the officers of his army without discrimination,<a href="#note-239" id="noteref-239" epub:type="noteref">239</a> through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.<a href="#note-240" id="noteref-240" epub:type="noteref">240</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.<a href="#note-241" id="noteref-241" epub:type="noteref">241</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-17">Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.<a href="#note-242" id="noteref-242" epub:type="noteref">242</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.<a href="#note-243" id="noteref-243" epub:type="noteref">243</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks.<a href="#note-244" id="noteref-244" epub:type="noteref">244</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-22">He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.<a href="#note-245" id="noteref-245" epub:type="noteref">245</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p class="continued">Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points.<a href="#note-246" id="noteref-246" epub:type="noteref">246</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-3-p-24">Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.<a href="#note-247" id="noteref-247" epub:type="noteref">247</a> If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.<a href="#note-248" id="noteref-248" epub:type="noteref">248</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-4" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">IV</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Tactical Dispositions<a href="#note-249" id="noteref-249" epub:type="noteref">249</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-2">To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.<a href="#note-250" id="noteref-250" epub:type="noteref">250</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-3">Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,<a href="#note-251" id="noteref-251" epub:type="noteref">251</a> but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.<a href="#note-252" id="noteref-252" epub:type="noteref">252</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-4">Hence the saying: One may <em>know</em> how to conquer without being able to <em>do</em> it.<a href="#note-253" id="noteref-253" epub:type="noteref">253</a></p>
|
||
<p>Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.<a href="#note-254" id="noteref-254" epub:type="noteref">254</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-6">Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-7">The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of the earth;<a href="#note-255" id="noteref-255" epub:type="noteref">255</a> he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven.<a href="#note-256" id="noteref-256" epub:type="noteref">256</a> Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.<a href="#note-257" id="noteref-257" epub:type="noteref">257</a></p>
|
||
<p>To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.<a href="#note-258" id="noteref-258" epub:type="noteref">258</a></p>
|
||
<p>Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, “Well done!”<a href="#note-259" id="noteref-259" epub:type="noteref">259</a></p>
|
||
<p>To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;<a href="#note-260" id="noteref-260" epub:type="noteref">260</a> to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.<a href="#note-261" id="noteref-261" epub:type="noteref">261</a></p>
|
||
<p>What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.<a href="#note-262" id="noteref-262" epub:type="noteref">262</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.<a href="#note-263" id="noteref-263" epub:type="noteref">263</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-13">He wins his battles by making no mistakes.<a href="#note-264" id="noteref-264" epub:type="noteref">264</a> Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.<a href="#note-265" id="noteref-265" epub:type="noteref">265</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.<a href="#note-266" id="noteref-266" epub:type="noteref">266</a></p>
|
||
<p>Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.<a href="#note-267" id="noteref-267" epub:type="noteref">267</a></p>
|
||
<p>The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline;<a href="#note-268" id="noteref-268" epub:type="noteref">268</a> thus it is in his power to control success.</p>
|
||
<p>In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.</p>
|
||
<p>Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.<a href="#note-269" id="noteref-269" epub:type="noteref">269</a></p>
|
||
<p>A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight placed in the scale against a single grain.<a href="#note-270" id="noteref-270" epub:type="noteref">270</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-4-p-20">The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.<a href="#note-271" id="noteref-271" epub:type="noteref">271</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-5" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">V</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Energy<a href="#note-272" id="noteref-272" epub:type="noteref">272</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.<a href="#note-273" id="noteref-273" epub:type="noteref">273</a></p>
|
||
<p>Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.<a href="#note-274" id="noteref-274" epub:type="noteref">274</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-3">To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manoeuvres direct and indirect.<a href="#note-275" id="noteref-275" epub:type="noteref">275</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-4">That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg—this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.<a href="#note-276" id="noteref-276" epub:type="noteref">276</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-5">In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.<a href="#note-277" id="noteref-277" epub:type="noteref">277</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-6">Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams;<a href="#note-278" id="noteref-278" epub:type="noteref">278</a> like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.<a href="#note-279" id="noteref-279" epub:type="noteref">279</a></p>
|
||
<p>There are not more than five musical notes,<a href="#note-280" id="noteref-280" epub:type="noteref">280</a> yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.</p>
|
||
<p>There are not more than five primary colors,<a href="#note-281" id="noteref-281" epub:type="noteref">281</a> yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.</p>
|
||
<p>There are not more than five cardinal tastes,<a href="#note-282" id="noteref-282" epub:type="noteref">282</a> yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-10">In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack—the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of manoeuvres.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-11">The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle—you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?<a href="#note-283" id="noteref-283" epub:type="noteref">283</a></p>
|
||
<p>The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-13">The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.<a href="#note-284" id="noteref-284" epub:type="noteref">284</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-14">Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.<a href="#note-285" id="noteref-285" epub:type="noteref">285</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-15">Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.<a href="#note-286" id="noteref-286" epub:type="noteref">286</a></p>
|
||
<p>Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.<a href="#note-287" id="noteref-287" epub:type="noteref">287</a></p>
|
||
<p>Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.<a href="#note-288" id="noteref-288" epub:type="noteref">288</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision;<a href="#note-289" id="noteref-289" epub:type="noteref">289</a> concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy;<a href="#note-290" id="noteref-290" epub:type="noteref">290</a> masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.<a href="#note-291" id="noteref-291" epub:type="noteref">291</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-19">Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act.<a href="#note-292" id="noteref-292" epub:type="noteref">292</a> He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.<a href="#note-293" id="noteref-293" epub:type="noteref">293</a></p>
|
||
<p>By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.<a href="#note-294" id="noteref-294" epub:type="noteref">294</a></p>
|
||
<p>The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals.<a href="#note-295" id="noteref-295" epub:type="noteref">295</a> Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.<a href="#note-296" id="noteref-296" epub:type="noteref">296</a></p>
|
||
<p>When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down.<a href="#note-297" id="noteref-297" epub:type="noteref">297</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-5-p-23">Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.<a href="#note-298" id="noteref-298" epub:type="noteref">298</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-6" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">VI</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Weak Points and Strong<a href="#note-299" id="noteref-299" epub:type="noteref">299</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.<a href="#note-300" id="noteref-300" epub:type="noteref">300</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-2">Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him.<a href="#note-301" id="noteref-301" epub:type="noteref">301</a></p>
|
||
<p>By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.<a href="#note-302" id="noteref-302" epub:type="noteref">302</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-4">If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;<a href="#note-303" id="noteref-303" epub:type="noteref">303</a> if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;<a href="#note-304" id="noteref-304" epub:type="noteref">304</a> if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.<a href="#note-305" id="noteref-305" epub:type="noteref">305</a></p>
|
||
<p>Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected.<a href="#note-306" id="noteref-306" epub:type="noteref">306</a></p>
|
||
<p>An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not.<a href="#note-307" id="noteref-307" epub:type="noteref">307</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-7">You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended.<a href="#note-308" id="noteref-308" epub:type="noteref">308</a> You can ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.<a href="#note-309" id="noteref-309" epub:type="noteref">309</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not know what to attack.<a href="#note-310" id="noteref-310" epub:type="noteref">310</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-9">O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;<a href="#note-311" id="noteref-311" epub:type="noteref">311</a> and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands.<a href="#note-312" id="noteref-312" epub:type="noteref">312</a></p>
|
||
<p>You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.<a href="#note-313" id="noteref-313" epub:type="noteref">313</a></p>
|
||
<p>If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.<a href="#note-314" id="noteref-314" epub:type="noteref">314</a></p>
|
||
<p>If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.<a href="#note-315" id="noteref-315" epub:type="noteref">315</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-13">By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be divided.<a href="#note-316" id="noteref-316" epub:type="noteref">316</a></p>
|
||
<p>We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,<a href="#note-317" id="noteref-317" epub:type="noteref">317</a> which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few.</p>
|
||
<p>And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.<a href="#note-318" id="noteref-318" epub:type="noteref">318</a></p>
|
||
<p>The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points;<a href="#note-319" id="noteref-319" epub:type="noteref">319</a> and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.</p>
|
||
<p>For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.<a href="#note-320" id="noteref-320" epub:type="noteref">320</a></p>
|
||
<p>Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.<a href="#note-321" id="noteref-321" epub:type="noteref">321</a></p>
|
||
<p>Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.<a href="#note-322" id="noteref-322" epub:type="noteref">322</a></p>
|
||
<p>But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> apart, and even the nearest are separated by several <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i>!<a href="#note-323" id="noteref-323" epub:type="noteref">323</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-21">Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory.<a href="#note-324" id="noteref-324" epub:type="noteref">324</a> I say then that victory can be achieved.<a href="#note-325" id="noteref-325" epub:type="noteref">325</a></p>
|
||
<p>Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting.<a href="#note-326" id="noteref-326" epub:type="noteref">326</a> Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.<a href="#note-327" id="noteref-327" epub:type="noteref">327</a></p>
|
||
<p>Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity.<a href="#note-328" id="noteref-328" epub:type="noteref">328</a> Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.<a href="#note-329" id="noteref-329" epub:type="noteref">329</a></p>
|
||
<p>Carefully compare the opposing army with your own,<a href="#note-330" id="noteref-330" epub:type="noteref">330</a> so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.<a href="#note-331" id="noteref-331" epub:type="noteref">331</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-6-p-25">In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them;<a href="#note-332" id="noteref-332" epub:type="noteref">332</a> conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.<a href="#note-333" id="noteref-333" epub:type="noteref">333</a></p>
|
||
<p>How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own tactics—that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.<a href="#note-334" id="noteref-334" epub:type="noteref">334</a></p>
|
||
<p>All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.<a href="#note-335" id="noteref-335" epub:type="noteref">335</a></p>
|
||
<p>Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.<a href="#note-336" id="noteref-336" epub:type="noteref">336</a></p>
|
||
<p>Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.<a href="#note-337" id="noteref-337" epub:type="noteref">337</a></p>
|
||
<p>So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.<a href="#note-338" id="noteref-338" epub:type="noteref">338</a></p>
|
||
<p>Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows;<a href="#note-339" id="noteref-339" epub:type="noteref">339</a> the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.</p>
|
||
<p>Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.</p>
|
||
<p>He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.</p>
|
||
<p>The five elements<a href="#note-340" id="noteref-340" epub:type="noteref">340</a> are not always equally predominant;<a href="#note-341" id="noteref-341" epub:type="noteref">341</a> the four seasons make way for each other in turn.<a href="#note-342" id="noteref-342" epub:type="noteref">342</a> There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.<a href="#note-343" id="noteref-343" epub:type="noteref">343</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-7" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">VII</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Manoeuvring<a href="#note-344" id="noteref-344" epub:type="noteref">344</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.<a href="#note-345" id="noteref-345" epub:type="noteref">345</a></p>
|
||
<p>Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.<a href="#note-346" id="noteref-346" epub:type="noteref">346</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-3">After that, comes tactical manoeuvring, than which there is nothing more difficult.<a href="#note-347" id="noteref-347" epub:type="noteref">347</a> The difficulty of tactical manoeuvring consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.<a href="#note-348" id="noteref-348" epub:type="noteref">348</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-4">Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of <em>deviation</em>.<a href="#note-349" id="noteref-349" epub:type="noteref">349</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-5">Manoeuvring with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.<a href="#note-350" id="noteref-350" epub:type="noteref">350</a></p>
|
||
<p>If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late.<a href="#note-351" id="noteref-351" epub:type="noteref">351</a> On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores.<a href="#note-352" id="noteref-352" epub:type="noteref">352</a></p>
|
||
<p>Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats,<a href="#note-353" id="noteref-353" epub:type="noteref">353</a> and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,<a href="#note-354" id="noteref-354" epub:type="noteref">354</a> doing a hundred <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.</p>
|
||
<p>The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.<a href="#note-355" id="noteref-355" epub:type="noteref">355</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-9">If you march fifty <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> in order to outmanoeuvre the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal.<a href="#note-356" id="noteref-356" epub:type="noteref">356</a></p>
|
||
<p>If you march thirty <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive.<a href="#note-357" id="noteref-357" epub:type="noteref">357</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-11">We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.<a href="#note-358" id="noteref-358" epub:type="noteref">358</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-12">We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.<a href="#note-359" id="noteref-359" epub:type="noteref">359</a></p>
|
||
<p>We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls<a href="#note-360" id="noteref-360" epub:type="noteref">360</a> and precipices,<a href="#note-361" id="noteref-361" epub:type="noteref">361</a> its marshes<a href="#note-362" id="noteref-362" epub:type="noteref">362</a> and swamps.<a href="#note-363" id="noteref-363" epub:type="noteref">363</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-14">We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.<a href="#note-364" id="noteref-364" epub:type="noteref">364</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-15">In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.<a href="#note-365" id="noteref-365" epub:type="noteref">365</a> Move only if there is a real advantage to be gained.<a href="#note-366" id="noteref-366" epub:type="noteref">366</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-16">Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-17">Let your rapidity be that of the wind,<a href="#note-367" id="noteref-367" epub:type="noteref">367</a> your compactness that of the forest.<a href="#note-368" id="noteref-368" epub:type="noteref">368</a></p>
|
||
<p>In raiding and plundering be like fire,<a href="#note-369" id="noteref-369" epub:type="noteref">369</a> in immovability like a mountain.<a href="#note-370" id="noteref-370" epub:type="noteref">370</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-19">Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.<a href="#note-371" id="noteref-371" epub:type="noteref">371</a></p>
|
||
<p>When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men;<a href="#note-372" id="noteref-372" epub:type="noteref">372</a> when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.<a href="#note-373" id="noteref-373" epub:type="noteref">373</a></p>
|
||
<p>Ponder and deliberate<a href="#note-374" id="noteref-374" epub:type="noteref">374</a> before you make a move.<a href="#note-375" id="noteref-375" epub:type="noteref">375</a></p>
|
||
<p>He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation.<a href="#note-376" id="noteref-376" epub:type="noteref">376</a> Such is the art of manoeuvring.<a href="#note-377" id="noteref-377" epub:type="noteref">377</a></p>
|
||
<p>The Book of Army Management says:<a href="#note-378" id="noteref-378" epub:type="noteref">378</a> On the field of battle,<a href="#note-379" id="noteref-379" epub:type="noteref">379</a> the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums.<a href="#note-380" id="noteref-380" epub:type="noteref">380</a> Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-24">Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host<a href="#note-381" id="noteref-381" epub:type="noteref">381</a> may be focused on one particular point.<a href="#note-382" id="noteref-382" epub:type="noteref">382</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-25">The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone.<a href="#note-383" id="noteref-383" epub:type="noteref">383</a> This is the art of handling large masses of men.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-26">In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.<a href="#note-384" id="noteref-384" epub:type="noteref">384</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-27">A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;<a href="#note-385" id="noteref-385" epub:type="noteref">385</a> a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.<a href="#note-386" id="noteref-386" epub:type="noteref">386</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-28">Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning;<a href="#note-387" id="noteref-387" epub:type="noteref">387</a> by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp.</p>
|
||
<p>A clever general, therefore,<a href="#note-388" id="noteref-388" epub:type="noteref">388</a> avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.<a href="#note-389" id="noteref-389" epub:type="noteref">389</a></p>
|
||
<p>Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:—this is the art of retaining self-possession.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-31">To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease<a href="#note-390" id="noteref-390" epub:type="noteref">390</a> while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:—this is the art of husbanding one’s strength.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-32">To refrain from intercepting<a href="#note-391" id="noteref-391" epub:type="noteref">391</a> an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:<a href="#note-392" id="noteref-392" epub:type="noteref">392</a>—this is the art of studying circumstances.<a href="#note-393" id="noteref-393" epub:type="noteref">393</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-33">It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.<a href="#note-394" id="noteref-394" epub:type="noteref">394</a></p>
|
||
<p>Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.</p>
|
||
<p>Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy.<a href="#note-395" id="noteref-395" epub:type="noteref">395</a> Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.<a href="#note-396" id="noteref-396" epub:type="noteref">396</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-7-p-36">When you surround an army, leave an outlet free.<a href="#note-397" id="noteref-397" epub:type="noteref">397</a> Do not press a desperate foe too hard.<a href="#note-398" id="noteref-398" epub:type="noteref">398</a></p>
|
||
<p>Such is the art of warfare.<a href="#note-399" id="noteref-399" epub:type="noteref">399</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-8" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">VIII</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Variation of Tactics<a href="#note-400" id="noteref-400" epub:type="noteref">400</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces.<a href="#note-401" id="noteref-401" epub:type="noteref">401</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-2">When in difficult country, do not encamp.<a href="#note-402" id="noteref-402" epub:type="noteref">402</a> In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.<a href="#note-403" id="noteref-403" epub:type="noteref">403</a> Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions.<a href="#note-404" id="noteref-404" epub:type="noteref">404</a> In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem.<a href="#note-405" id="noteref-405" epub:type="noteref">405</a> In a desperate position, you must fight.<a href="#note-406" id="noteref-406" epub:type="noteref">406</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-3">There are roads which must not be followed,<a href="#note-407" id="noteref-407" epub:type="noteref">407</a> armies which must not be attacked,<a href="#note-408" id="noteref-408" epub:type="noteref">408</a> towns<a href="#note-409" id="noteref-409" epub:type="noteref">409</a> which must not be besieged,<a href="#note-410" id="noteref-410" epub:type="noteref">410</a> positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.<a href="#note-411" id="noteref-411" epub:type="noteref">411</a></p>
|
||
<p>The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.<a href="#note-412" id="noteref-412" epub:type="noteref">412</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-5">The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.<a href="#note-413" id="noteref-413" epub:type="noteref">413</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-6">So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men.<a href="#note-414" id="noteref-414" epub:type="noteref">414</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-7">Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.<a href="#note-415" id="noteref-415" epub:type="noteref">415</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-8">If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.<a href="#note-416" id="noteref-416" epub:type="noteref">416</a></p>
|
||
<p>If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.<a href="#note-417" id="noteref-417" epub:type="noteref">417</a></p>
|
||
<p>Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them;<a href="#note-418" id="noteref-418" epub:type="noteref">418</a> and make trouble for them,<a href="#note-419" id="noteref-419" epub:type="noteref">419</a> and keep them constantly engaged;<a href="#note-420" id="noteref-420" epub:type="noteref">420</a> hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.<a href="#note-421" id="noteref-421" epub:type="noteref">421</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-8-p-11">The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him;<a href="#note-422" id="noteref-422" epub:type="noteref">422</a> not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.<a href="#note-423" id="noteref-423" epub:type="noteref">423</a></p>
|
||
<p>There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Recklessness, which leads to destruction;<a href="#note-424" id="noteref-424" epub:type="noteref">424</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>cowardice, which leads to capture;<a href="#note-425" id="noteref-425" epub:type="noteref">425</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;<a href="#note-426" id="noteref-426" epub:type="noteref">426</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;<a href="#note-427" id="noteref-427" epub:type="noteref">427</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble.<a href="#note-428" id="noteref-428" epub:type="noteref">428</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war.</p>
|
||
<p>When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-9" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">IX</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">The Army on the March<a href="#note-429" id="noteref-429" epub:type="noteref">429</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.<a href="#note-430" id="noteref-430" epub:type="noteref">430</a> Pass quickly over mountains,<a href="#note-431" id="noteref-431" epub:type="noteref">431</a> and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.<a href="#note-432" id="noteref-432" epub:type="noteref">432</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-2">Camp in high places,<a href="#note-433" id="noteref-433" epub:type="noteref">433</a> facing the sun.<a href="#note-434" id="noteref-434" epub:type="noteref">434</a> Do not climb heights in order to fight.<a href="#note-435" id="noteref-435" epub:type="noteref">435</a> So much for mountain warfare.<a href="#note-436" id="noteref-436" epub:type="noteref">436</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-3">After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.<a href="#note-437" id="noteref-437" epub:type="noteref">437</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-4">When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in midstream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.<a href="#note-438" id="noteref-438" epub:type="noteref">438</a></p>
|
||
<p>If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.<a href="#note-439" id="noteref-439" epub:type="noteref">439</a></p>
|
||
<p>Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun.<a href="#note-440" id="noteref-440" epub:type="noteref">440</a> Do not move upstream to meet the enemy.<a href="#note-441" id="noteref-441" epub:type="noteref">441</a> So much for river warfare.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-7">In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.<a href="#note-442" id="noteref-442" epub:type="noteref">442</a></p>
|
||
<p>If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees.<a href="#note-443" id="noteref-443" epub:type="noteref">443</a> So much for operations in salt-marshes.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-9">In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position<a href="#note-444" id="noteref-444" epub:type="noteref">444</a> with rising ground to your right and on your rear,<a href="#note-445" id="noteref-445" epub:type="noteref">445</a> so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind.<a href="#note-446" id="noteref-446" epub:type="noteref">446</a> So much for campaigning in flat country.</p>
|
||
<p>These are the four useful branches of military knowledge<a href="#note-447" id="noteref-447" epub:type="noteref">447</a> which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.<a href="#note-448" id="noteref-448" epub:type="noteref">448</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-11">All armies prefer high ground to low,<a href="#note-449" id="noteref-449" epub:type="noteref">449</a> and sunny places to dark.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-12">If you are careful of your men,<a href="#note-450" id="noteref-450" epub:type="noteref">450</a> and camp on hard ground,<a href="#note-451" id="noteref-451" epub:type="noteref">451</a> the army will be free from disease of every kind,<a href="#note-452" id="noteref-452" epub:type="noteref">452</a> and this will spell victory.</p>
|
||
<p>When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.</p>
|
||
<p>When, in consequence of heavy rains upcountry, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.<a href="#note-453" id="noteref-453" epub:type="noteref">453</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-15">Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between,<a href="#note-454" id="noteref-454" epub:type="noteref">454</a> deep natural hollows,<a href="#note-455" id="noteref-455" epub:type="noteref">455</a> confined places,<a href="#note-456" id="noteref-456" epub:type="noteref">456</a> tangled thickets,<a href="#note-457" id="noteref-457" epub:type="noteref">457</a> quagmires<a href="#note-458" id="noteref-458" epub:type="noteref">458</a> and crevasses,<a href="#note-459" id="noteref-459" epub:type="noteref">459</a> should be left with all possible speed and not approached.</p>
|
||
<p>While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-17">If in the neighborhood of your camp<a href="#note-460" id="noteref-460" epub:type="noteref">460</a> there should be any hilly country,<a href="#note-461" id="noteref-461" epub:type="noteref">461</a> ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds,<a href="#note-462" id="noteref-462" epub:type="noteref">462</a> or woods with thick undergrowth,<a href="#note-463" id="noteref-463" epub:type="noteref">463</a> they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.<a href="#note-464" id="noteref-464" epub:type="noteref">464</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-18">When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.<a href="#note-465" id="noteref-465" epub:type="noteref">465</a></p>
|
||
<p>When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.<a href="#note-466" id="noteref-466" epub:type="noteref">466</a></p>
|
||
<p>If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.<a href="#note-467" id="noteref-467" epub:type="noteref">467</a></p>
|
||
<p>Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing.<a href="#note-468" id="noteref-468" epub:type="noteref">468</a> The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.<a href="#note-469" id="noteref-469" epub:type="noteref">469</a></p>
|
||
<p>The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.<a href="#note-470" id="noteref-470" epub:type="noteref">470</a> Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.<a href="#note-471" id="noteref-471" epub:type="noteref">471</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-23">When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry.<a href="#note-472" id="noteref-472" epub:type="noteref">472</a> When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood.<a href="#note-473" id="noteref-473" epub:type="noteref">473</a> A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.<a href="#note-474" id="noteref-474" epub:type="noteref">474</a></p>
|
||
<p>Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance.<a href="#note-475" id="noteref-475" epub:type="noteref">475</a> Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.<a href="#note-476" id="noteref-476" epub:type="noteref">476</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the light chariots<a href="#note-477" id="noteref-477" epub:type="noteref">477</a> come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.<a href="#note-478" id="noteref-478" epub:type="noteref">478</a></p>
|
||
<p>Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.<a href="#note-479" id="noteref-479" epub:type="noteref">479</a></p>
|
||
<p>When there is much running about<a href="#note-480" id="noteref-480" epub:type="noteref">480</a> and the soldiers fall into rank,<a href="#note-481" id="noteref-481" epub:type="noteref">481</a> it means that the critical moment has come.<a href="#note-482" id="noteref-482" epub:type="noteref">482</a></p>
|
||
<p>When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.<a href="#note-483" id="noteref-483" epub:type="noteref">483</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.<a href="#note-484" id="noteref-484" epub:type="noteref">484</a></p>
|
||
<p>If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.<a href="#note-485" id="noteref-485" epub:type="noteref">485</a></p>
|
||
<p>If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained<a href="#note-486" id="noteref-486" epub:type="noteref">486</a> and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.</p>
|
||
<p>If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied.<a href="#note-487" id="noteref-487" epub:type="noteref">487</a> Clamor by night betokens nervousness.<a href="#note-488" id="noteref-488" epub:type="noteref">488</a></p>
|
||
<p>If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot.<a href="#note-489" id="noteref-489" epub:type="noteref">489</a> If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.<a href="#note-490" id="noteref-490" epub:type="noteref">490</a></p>
|
||
<p>When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food,<a href="#note-491" id="noteref-491" epub:type="noteref">491</a> and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots<a href="#note-492" id="noteref-492" epub:type="noteref">492</a> over the campfires,<a href="#note-493" id="noteref-493" epub:type="noteref">493</a> showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.<a href="#note-494" id="noteref-494" epub:type="noteref">494</a></p>
|
||
<p>The sight of men whispering together<a href="#note-495" id="noteref-495" epub:type="noteref">495</a> in small knots<a href="#note-496" id="noteref-496" epub:type="noteref">496</a> or speaking in subdued tones<a href="#note-497" id="noteref-497" epub:type="noteref">497</a> points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.<a href="#note-498" id="noteref-498" epub:type="noteref">498</a></p>
|
||
<p>Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources;<a href="#note-499" id="noteref-499" epub:type="noteref">499</a> too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.<a href="#note-500" id="noteref-500" epub:type="noteref">500</a></p>
|
||
<p>To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.<a href="#note-501" id="noteref-501" epub:type="noteref">501</a></p>
|
||
<p>When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.<a href="#note-502" id="noteref-502" epub:type="noteref">502</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-39">If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.<a href="#note-503" id="noteref-503" epub:type="noteref">503</a></p>
|
||
<p>If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient;<a href="#note-504" id="noteref-504" epub:type="noteref">504</a> it only means that no direct attack can be made.<a href="#note-505" id="noteref-505" epub:type="noteref">505</a> What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.<a href="#note-506" id="noteref-506" epub:type="noteref">506</a></p>
|
||
<p>He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.<a href="#note-507" id="noteref-507" epub:type="noteref">507</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-42">If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless.<a href="#note-508" id="noteref-508" epub:type="noteref">508</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-9-p-43">Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline.<a href="#note-509" id="noteref-509" epub:type="noteref">509</a> This is a certain road to victory.</p>
|
||
<p>If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.<a href="#note-510" id="noteref-510" epub:type="noteref">510</a></p>
|
||
<p>If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed,<a href="#note-511" id="noteref-511" epub:type="noteref">511</a> the gain will be mutual.<a href="#note-512" id="noteref-512" epub:type="noteref">512</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-10" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">X</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">Terrain<a href="#note-513" id="noteref-513" epub:type="noteref">513</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground;<a href="#note-514" id="noteref-514" epub:type="noteref">514</a> (2) entangling ground;<a href="#note-515" id="noteref-515" epub:type="noteref">515</a> (3) temporizing ground;<a href="#note-516" id="noteref-516" epub:type="noteref">516</a> (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights;<a href="#note-517" id="noteref-517" epub:type="noteref">517</a> (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.<a href="#note-518" id="noteref-518" epub:type="noteref">518</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-2">Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called <em>accessible</em>.<a href="#note-519" id="noteref-519" epub:type="noteref">519</a></p>
|
||
<p>With regard to ground of this nature,<a href="#note-520" id="noteref-520" epub:type="noteref">520</a> be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots,<a href="#note-521" id="noteref-521" epub:type="noteref">521</a> and carefully guard your line of supplies.<a href="#note-522" id="noteref-522" epub:type="noteref">522</a> Then you will be able to fight with advantage.<a href="#note-523" id="noteref-523" epub:type="noteref">523</a></p>
|
||
<p>Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called <em>entangling</em>.<a href="#note-524" id="noteref-524" epub:type="noteref">524</a></p>
|
||
<p>From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.<a href="#note-525" id="noteref-525" epub:type="noteref">525</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called <em>temporizing</em> ground.<a href="#note-526" id="noteref-526" epub:type="noteref">526</a></p>
|
||
<p>In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait,<a href="#note-527" id="noteref-527" epub:type="noteref">527</a> it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.<a href="#note-528" id="noteref-528" epub:type="noteref">528</a></p>
|
||
<p>With regard to <em>narrow passes</em>, if you can occupy them first,<a href="#note-529" id="noteref-529" epub:type="noteref">529</a> let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.<a href="#note-530" id="noteref-530" epub:type="noteref">530</a></p>
|
||
<p>Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-10">With regard to <em>precipitous heights</em>, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.<a href="#note-531" id="noteref-531" epub:type="noteref">531</a></p>
|
||
<p>If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.<a href="#note-532" id="noteref-532" epub:type="noteref">532</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-12">If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal,<a href="#note-533" id="noteref-533" epub:type="noteref">533</a> it is not easy to provoke a battle,<a href="#note-534" id="noteref-534" epub:type="noteref">534</a> and fighting will be to your disadvantage.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-13">These six are the principles connected with Earth.<a href="#note-535" id="noteref-535" epub:type="noteref">535</a> The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.<a href="#note-536" id="noteref-536" epub:type="noteref">536</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-14">Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes,<a href="#note-537" id="noteref-537" epub:type="noteref">537</a> but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.<a href="#note-538" id="noteref-538" epub:type="noteref">538</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-15">Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the <em>flight</em> of the former.<a href="#note-539" id="noteref-539" epub:type="noteref">539</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is <em>insubordination</em>.<a href="#note-540" id="noteref-540" epub:type="noteref">540</a> When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is <em>collapse</em>.<a href="#note-541" id="noteref-541" epub:type="noteref">541</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the higher officers<a href="#note-542" id="noteref-542" epub:type="noteref">542</a> are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is <em>ruin</em>.<a href="#note-543" id="noteref-543" epub:type="noteref">543</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct;<a href="#note-544" id="noteref-544" epub:type="noteref">544</a> when there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and men,<a href="#note-545" id="noteref-545" epub:type="noteref">545</a> and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter <em>disorganization</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be a <em>rout</em>.<a href="#note-546" id="noteref-546" epub:type="noteref">546</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-20">These are six ways of courting defeat,<a href="#note-547" id="noteref-547" epub:type="noteref">547</a> which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.<a href="#note-548" id="noteref-548" epub:type="noteref">548</a></p>
|
||
<p>The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally;<a href="#note-549" id="noteref-549" epub:type="noteref">549</a> but a power of estimating the adversary,<a href="#note-550" id="noteref-550" epub:type="noteref">550</a> of controlling the forces of victory,<a href="#note-551" id="noteref-551" epub:type="noteref">551</a> and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances,<a href="#note-552" id="noteref-552" epub:type="noteref">552</a> constitutes the test of a great general.<a href="#note-553" id="noteref-553" epub:type="noteref">553</a></p>
|
||
<p>He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-10-p-23">If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler’s bidding.<a href="#note-554" id="noteref-554" epub:type="noteref">554</a></p>
|
||
<p>The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace,<a href="#note-555" id="noteref-555" epub:type="noteref">555</a> whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign,<a href="#note-556" id="noteref-556" epub:type="noteref">556</a> is the jewel of the kingdom.<a href="#note-557" id="noteref-557" epub:type="noteref">557</a></p>
|
||
<p>Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.<a href="#note-558" id="noteref-558" epub:type="noteref">558</a></p>
|
||
<p>If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kindhearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder:<a href="#note-559" id="noteref-559" epub:type="noteref">559</a> then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.<a href="#note-560" id="noteref-560" epub:type="noteref">560</a></p>
|
||
<p>If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.<a href="#note-561" id="noteref-561" epub:type="noteref">561</a></p>
|
||
<p>If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.<a href="#note-562" id="noteref-562" epub:type="noteref">562</a></p>
|
||
<p>If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.<a href="#note-563" id="noteref-563" epub:type="noteref">563</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.<a href="#note-564" id="noteref-564" epub:type="noteref">564</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt;<a href="#note-565" id="noteref-565" epub:type="noteref">565</a> if you know Heaven and know Earth,<a href="#note-566" id="noteref-566" epub:type="noteref">566</a> you may make your victory complete.<a href="#note-567" id="noteref-567" epub:type="noteref">567</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-11" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">XI</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">The Nine Situations<a href="#note-568" id="noteref-568" epub:type="noteref">568</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-2">When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.<a href="#note-569" id="noteref-569" epub:type="noteref">569</a></p>
|
||
<p>When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.<a href="#note-570" id="noteref-570" epub:type="noteref">570</a></p>
|
||
<p>Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.<a href="#note-571" id="noteref-571" epub:type="noteref">571</a></p>
|
||
<p>Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.<a href="#note-572" id="noteref-572" epub:type="noteref">572</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-6">Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,<a href="#note-573" id="noteref-573" epub:type="noteref">573</a> so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command,<a href="#note-574" id="noteref-574" epub:type="noteref">574</a> is a ground of intersecting highways.<a href="#note-575" id="noteref-575" epub:type="noteref">575</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-7">When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear,<a href="#note-576" id="noteref-576" epub:type="noteref">576</a> it is serious ground.<a href="#note-577" id="noteref-577" epub:type="noteref">577</a></p>
|
||
<p>Mountain forests,<a href="#note-578" id="noteref-578" epub:type="noteref">578</a> rugged steeps, marshes and fens—all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.<a href="#note-579" id="noteref-579" epub:type="noteref">579</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-9">Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-10">Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.<a href="#note-580" id="noteref-580" epub:type="noteref">580</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-11">On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.<a href="#note-581" id="noteref-581" epub:type="noteref">581</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-12">On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way.<a href="#note-582" id="noteref-582" epub:type="noteref">582</a> On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.<a href="#note-583" id="noteref-583" epub:type="noteref">583</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-13">On serious ground, gather in plunder.<a href="#note-584" id="noteref-584" epub:type="noteref">584</a> In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.<a href="#note-585" id="noteref-585" epub:type="noteref">585</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-14">On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.<a href="#note-586" id="noteref-586" epub:type="noteref">586</a> On desperate ground, fight.<a href="#note-587" id="noteref-587" epub:type="noteref">587</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-15">Those who were called skilful leaders of old<a href="#note-588" id="noteref-588" epub:type="noteref">588</a> knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy’s front and rear;<a href="#note-589" id="noteref-589" epub:type="noteref">589</a> to prevent cooperation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,<a href="#note-590" id="noteref-590" epub:type="noteref">590</a> the officers from rallying their men.<a href="#note-591" id="noteref-591" epub:type="noteref">591</a></p>
|
||
<p>When the enemy’s men were scattered, they prevented them from concentrating;<a href="#note-592" id="noteref-592" epub:type="noteref">592</a> even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.<a href="#note-593" id="noteref-593" epub:type="noteref">593</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-17">When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.<a href="#note-594" id="noteref-594" epub:type="noteref">594</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-18">If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,<a href="#note-595" id="noteref-595" epub:type="noteref">595</a> I should say: “Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will.”<a href="#note-596" id="noteref-596" epub:type="noteref">596</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-19">Rapidity is the essence of war:<a href="#note-597" id="noteref-597" epub:type="noteref">597</a> take advantage of the enemy’s unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-20">The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.</p>
|
||
<p>Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.<a href="#note-598" id="noteref-598" epub:type="noteref">598</a></p>
|
||
<p>Carefully study the well-being of your men,<a href="#note-599" id="noteref-599" epub:type="noteref">599</a> and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength.<a href="#note-600" id="noteref-600" epub:type="noteref">600</a> Keep your army continually on the move,<a href="#note-601" id="noteref-601" epub:type="noteref">601</a> and devise unfathomable plans.<a href="#note-602" id="noteref-602" epub:type="noteref">602</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-23">Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.<a href="#note-603" id="noteref-603" epub:type="noteref">603</a> If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve.<a href="#note-604" id="noteref-604" epub:type="noteref">604</a> Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.<a href="#note-605" id="noteref-605" epub:type="noteref">605</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-24">Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front.<a href="#note-606" id="noteref-606" epub:type="noteref">606</a> If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.</p>
|
||
<p>Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive;<a href="#note-607" id="noteref-607" epub:type="noteref">607</a> without waiting to be asked, they will do your will;<a href="#note-608" id="noteref-608" epub:type="noteref">608</a> without restrictions, they will be faithful;<a href="#note-609" id="noteref-609" epub:type="noteref">609</a> without giving orders, they can be trusted.<a href="#note-610" id="noteref-610" epub:type="noteref">610</a></p>
|
||
<p>Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts.<a href="#note-611" id="noteref-611" epub:type="noteref">611</a> Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.<a href="#note-612" id="noteref-612" epub:type="noteref">612</a></p>
|
||
<p>If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.<a href="#note-613" id="noteref-613" epub:type="noteref">613</a></p>
|
||
<p>On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep,<a href="#note-614" id="noteref-614" epub:type="noteref">614</a> those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks.<a href="#note-615" id="noteref-615" epub:type="noteref">615</a> But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.<a href="#note-616" id="noteref-616" epub:type="noteref">616</a></p>
|
||
<p>The skilful tactician may be likened to the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shuai-jan</i>. Now the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shuai-jan</i> is a snake that is found in the Chʽang mountains.<a href="#note-617" id="noteref-617" epub:type="noteref">617</a> Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,<a href="#note-618" id="noteref-618" epub:type="noteref">618</a> and you will be attacked by head and tail both.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-30">Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shuai-jan</i>,<a href="#note-619" id="noteref-619" epub:type="noteref">619</a> I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies;<a href="#note-620" id="noteref-620" epub:type="noteref">620</a> yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.<a href="#note-621" id="noteref-621" epub:type="noteref">621</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-31">Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of horses,<a href="#note-622" id="noteref-622" epub:type="noteref">622</a> and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground.<a href="#note-623" id="noteref-623" epub:type="noteref">623</a></p>
|
||
<p>The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.<a href="#note-624" id="noteref-624" epub:type="noteref">624</a></p>
|
||
<p>How to make the best of both strong and weak—that is a question involving the proper use of ground.<a href="#note-625" id="noteref-625" epub:type="noteref">625</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-34">Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.<a href="#note-626" id="noteref-626" epub:type="noteref">626</a></p>
|
||
<p>It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.<a href="#note-627" id="noteref-627" epub:type="noteref">627</a></p>
|
||
<p>He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances,<a href="#note-628" id="noteref-628" epub:type="noteref">628</a> and thus keep them in total ignorance.<a href="#note-629" id="noteref-629" epub:type="noteref">629</a></p>
|
||
<p>By altering his arrangements and changing his plans,<a href="#note-630" id="noteref-630" epub:type="noteref">630</a> he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.<a href="#note-631" id="noteref-631" epub:type="noteref">631</a> By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.<a href="#note-632" id="noteref-632" epub:type="noteref">632</a></p>
|
||
<p>At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him.<a href="#note-633" id="noteref-633" epub:type="noteref">633</a> He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.<a href="#note-634" id="noteref-634" epub:type="noteref">634</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-39">He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;<a href="#note-635" id="noteref-635" epub:type="noteref">635</a> like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none knows whither he is going.<a href="#note-636" id="noteref-636" epub:type="noteref">636</a></p>
|
||
<p>To muster his host and bring it into danger:—this may be termed the business of the general.<a href="#note-637" id="noteref-637" epub:type="noteref">637</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-41">The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground;<a href="#note-638" id="noteref-638" epub:type="noteref">638</a> the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics;<a href="#note-639" id="noteref-639" epub:type="noteref">639</a> and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.</p>
|
||
<p>When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.<a href="#note-640" id="noteref-640" epub:type="noteref">640</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-43">When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory,<a href="#note-641" id="noteref-641" epub:type="noteref">641</a> you find yourself on critical ground.<a href="#note-642" id="noteref-642" epub:type="noteref">642</a> When there are means of communication<a href="#note-643" id="noteref-643" epub:type="noteref">643</a> on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.<a href="#note-644" id="noteref-644" epub:type="noteref">644</a></p>
|
||
<p>When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-45">When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear,<a href="#note-645" id="noteref-645" epub:type="noteref">645</a> and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-46">Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose.<a href="#note-646" id="noteref-646" epub:type="noteref">646</a> On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.<a href="#note-647" id="noteref-647" epub:type="noteref">647</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-47">On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.<a href="#note-648" id="noteref-648" epub:type="noteref">648</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-48">On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences.<a href="#note-649" id="noteref-649" epub:type="noteref">649</a> On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.<a href="#note-650" id="noteref-650" epub:type="noteref">650</a></p>
|
||
<p>On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies.<a href="#note-651" id="noteref-651" epub:type="noteref">651</a> On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.<a href="#note-652" id="noteref-652" epub:type="noteref">652</a></p>
|
||
<p>On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat.<a href="#note-653" id="noteref-653" epub:type="noteref">653</a> On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.<a href="#note-654" id="noteref-654" epub:type="noteref">654</a></p>
|
||
<p>For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.<a href="#note-655" id="noteref-655" epub:type="noteref">655</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-52">We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.<a href="#note-656" id="noteref-656" epub:type="noteref">656</a></p>
|
||
<p>To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles<a href="#note-657" id="noteref-657" epub:type="noteref">657</a> does not befit a warlike prince.<a href="#note-658" id="noteref-658" epub:type="noteref">658</a></p>
|
||
<p>When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He overawes his opponents,<a href="#note-659" id="noteref-659" epub:type="noteref">659</a> and their allies are prevented from joining against him.<a href="#note-660" id="noteref-660" epub:type="noteref">660</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence he does not strive<a href="#note-661" id="noteref-661" epub:type="noteref">661</a> to ally himself with all and sundry,<a href="#note-662" id="noteref-662" epub:type="noteref">662</a> nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs,<a href="#note-663" id="noteref-663" epub:type="noteref">663</a> keeping his antagonists in awe.<a href="#note-664" id="noteref-664" epub:type="noteref">664</a> Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.<a href="#note-665" id="noteref-665" epub:type="noteref">665</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-56">Bestow rewards without regard to rule,<a href="#note-666" id="noteref-666" epub:type="noteref">666</a> issue orders<a href="#note-667" id="noteref-667" epub:type="noteref">667</a> without regard to previous arrangements;<a href="#note-668" id="noteref-668" epub:type="noteref">668</a> and you will be able to handle a whole army<a href="#note-669" id="noteref-669" epub:type="noteref">669</a> as though you had to do with but a single man.<a href="#note-670" id="noteref-670" epub:type="noteref">670</a></p>
|
||
<p>Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design.<a href="#note-671" id="noteref-671" epub:type="noteref">671</a> When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-58">Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.<a href="#note-672" id="noteref-672" epub:type="noteref">672</a></p>
|
||
<p>For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.<a href="#note-673" id="noteref-673" epub:type="noteref">673</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-60">Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy’s purpose.<a href="#note-674" id="noteref-674" epub:type="noteref">674</a></p>
|
||
<p>By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank,<a href="#note-675" id="noteref-675" epub:type="noteref">675</a> we shall succeed in the long run<a href="#note-676" id="noteref-676" epub:type="noteref">676</a> in killing the commander-in-chief.<a href="#note-677" id="noteref-677" epub:type="noteref">677</a></p>
|
||
<p>This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.<a href="#note-678" id="noteref-678" epub:type="noteref">678</a></p>
|
||
<p>On the day that you take up your command,<a href="#note-679" id="noteref-679" epub:type="noteref">679</a> block the frontier passes,<a href="#note-680" id="noteref-680" epub:type="noteref">680</a> destroy the official tallies,<a href="#note-681" id="noteref-681" epub:type="noteref">681</a> and stop the passage of all emissaries.<a href="#note-682" id="noteref-682" epub:type="noteref">682</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-11-p-64">Be stern in the council-chamber,<a href="#note-683" id="noteref-683" epub:type="noteref">683</a> so that you may control the situation.<a href="#note-684" id="noteref-684" epub:type="noteref">684</a></p>
|
||
<p>If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.<a href="#note-685" id="noteref-685" epub:type="noteref">685</a></p>
|
||
<p>Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,<a href="#note-686" id="noteref-686" epub:type="noteref">686</a> and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.<a href="#note-687" id="noteref-687" epub:type="noteref">687</a></p>
|
||
<p>Walk in the path defined by rule,<a href="#note-688" id="noteref-688" epub:type="noteref">688</a> and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.<a href="#note-689" id="noteref-689" epub:type="noteref">689</a></p>
|
||
<p>At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.<a href="#note-690" id="noteref-690" epub:type="noteref">690</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-12" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">XII</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">The Attack by Fire<a href="#note-691" id="noteref-691" epub:type="noteref">691</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-12-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;<a href="#note-692" id="noteref-692" epub:type="noteref">692</a> the second is to burn stores;<a href="#note-693" id="noteref-693" epub:type="noteref">693</a> the third is to burn baggage trains;<a href="#note-694" id="noteref-694" epub:type="noteref">694</a> the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;<a href="#note-695" id="noteref-695" epub:type="noteref">695</a> the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.<a href="#note-696" id="noteref-696" epub:type="noteref">696</a></p>
|
||
<p>In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available;<a href="#note-697" id="noteref-697" epub:type="noteref">697</a> the material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.<a href="#note-698" id="noteref-698" epub:type="noteref">698</a></p>
|
||
<p>There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration.<a href="#note-699" id="noteref-699" epub:type="noteref">699</a></p>
|
||
<p>The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the Crossbar;<a href="#note-700" id="noteref-700" epub:type="noteref">700</a> for these four are all days of rising wind.<a href="#note-701" id="noteref-701" epub:type="noteref">701</a></p>
|
||
<p>In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:<a href="#note-702" id="noteref-702" epub:type="noteref">702</a></p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, respond at once<a href="#note-703" id="noteref-703" epub:type="noteref">703</a> with an attack from without.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.<a href="#note-704" id="noteref-704" epub:type="noteref">704</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.<a href="#note-705" id="noteref-705" epub:type="noteref">705</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favourable moment.<a href="#note-706" id="noteref-706" epub:type="noteref">706</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward.<a href="#note-707" id="noteref-707" epub:type="noteref">707</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls.<a href="#note-708" id="noteref-708" epub:type="noteref">708</a></p>
|
||
<p>In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.<a href="#note-709" id="noteref-709" epub:type="noteref">709</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;<a href="#note-710" id="noteref-710" epub:type="noteref">710</a> those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.<a href="#note-711" id="noteref-711" epub:type="noteref">711</a></p>
|
||
<p>By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings.<a href="#note-712" id="noteref-712" epub:type="noteref">712</a></p>
|
||
<p>Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation.<a href="#note-713" id="noteref-713" epub:type="noteref">713</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-12-p-16">Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.<a href="#note-714" id="noteref-714" epub:type="noteref">714</a></p>
|
||
<p>Move not unless you see an advantage;<a href="#note-715" id="noteref-715" epub:type="noteref">715</a> use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.<a href="#note-716" id="noteref-716" epub:type="noteref">716</a></p>
|
||
<p>No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.<a href="#note-717" id="noteref-717" epub:type="noteref">717</a></p>
|
||
<p>If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are.<a href="#note-718" id="noteref-718" epub:type="noteref">718</a></p>
|
||
<p>Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content.<a href="#note-719" id="noteref-719" epub:type="noteref">719</a></p>
|
||
<p>But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being;<a href="#note-720" id="noteref-720" epub:type="noteref">720</a> nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.</p>
|
||
<p>Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution.<a href="#note-721" id="noteref-721" epub:type="noteref">721</a> This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact.<a href="#note-722" id="noteref-722" epub:type="noteref">722</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="chapter-13" epub:type="chapter bodymatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<hgroup>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">XIII</h2>
|
||
<p epub:type="title">The Use of Spies<a href="#note-723" id="noteref-723" epub:type="noteref">723</a></p>
|
||
</hgroup>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-1"><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver.<a href="#note-724" id="noteref-724" epub:type="noteref">724</a> There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.<a href="#note-725" id="noteref-725" epub:type="noteref">725</a> As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labour.<a href="#note-726" id="noteref-726" epub:type="noteref">726</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy’s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments,<a href="#note-727" id="noteref-727" epub:type="noteref">727</a> is the height of inhumanity.<a href="#note-728" id="noteref-728" epub:type="noteref">728</a></p>
|
||
<p>One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign,<a href="#note-729" id="noteref-729" epub:type="noteref">729</a> no master of victory.<a href="#note-730" id="noteref-730" epub:type="noteref">730</a></p>
|
||
<p>Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is <em>foreknowledge</em>.<a href="#note-731" id="noteref-731" epub:type="noteref">731</a></p>
|
||
<p>Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits;<a href="#note-732" id="noteref-732" epub:type="noteref">732</a> it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,<a href="#note-733" id="noteref-733" epub:type="noteref">733</a> nor by any deductive calculation.<a href="#note-734" id="noteref-734" epub:type="noteref">734</a></p>
|
||
<p>Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be obtained from other men.<a href="#note-735" id="noteref-735" epub:type="noteref">735</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-7">Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.</p>
|
||
<p>When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system.<a href="#note-736" id="noteref-736" epub:type="noteref">736</a> This is called<a href="#note-737" id="noteref-737" epub:type="noteref">737</a> “divine manipulation of the threads.”<a href="#note-738" id="noteref-738" epub:type="noteref">738</a> It is the sovereign’s most precious faculty.<a href="#note-739" id="noteref-739" epub:type="noteref">739</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-9">Having <em>local spies</em><a href="#note-740" id="noteref-740" epub:type="noteref">740</a> means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district.<a href="#note-741" id="noteref-741" epub:type="noteref">741</a></p>
|
||
<p>Having <em>inward spies</em>, making use of officials of the enemy.<a href="#note-742" id="noteref-742" epub:type="noteref">742</a></p>
|
||
<p>Having <em>converted spies</em>, getting hold of the enemy’s spies and using them for our own purposes.<a href="#note-743" id="noteref-743" epub:type="noteref">743</a></p>
|
||
<p>Having <em>doomed spies</em>, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the enemy.<a href="#note-744" id="noteref-744" epub:type="noteref">744</a></p>
|
||
<p><em>Surviving spies</em>, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy’s camp.<a href="#note-745" id="noteref-745" epub:type="noteref">745</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.<a href="#note-746" id="noteref-746" epub:type="noteref">746</a> None should be more liberally rewarded.<a href="#note-747" id="noteref-747" epub:type="noteref">747</a> In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved.<a href="#note-748" id="noteref-748" epub:type="noteref">748</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-15">Spies cannot be usefully employed<a href="#note-749" id="noteref-749" epub:type="noteref">749</a> without a certain intuitive sagacity.<a href="#note-750" id="noteref-750" epub:type="noteref">750</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-16">They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.<a href="#note-751" id="noteref-751" epub:type="noteref">751</a></p>
|
||
<p>Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports.<a href="#note-752" id="noteref-752" epub:type="noteref">752</a></p>
|
||
<p>Be subtle! be subtle!<a href="#note-753" id="noteref-753" epub:type="noteref">753</a> and use your spies for every kind of business.</p>
|
||
<p>If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.<a href="#note-754" id="noteref-754" epub:type="noteref">754</a></p>
|
||
<p>Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,<a href="#note-755" id="noteref-755" epub:type="noteref">755</a> the aides-de-camp,<a href="#note-756" id="noteref-756" epub:type="noteref">756</a> and doorkeepers and sentries<a href="#note-757" id="noteref-757" epub:type="noteref">757</a> of the general in command.<a href="#note-758" id="noteref-758" epub:type="noteref">758</a> Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.<a href="#note-759" id="noteref-759" epub:type="noteref">759</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-21">The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out,<a href="#note-760" id="noteref-760" epub:type="noteref">760</a> tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed.<a href="#note-761" id="noteref-761" epub:type="noteref">761</a> Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-22">It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.<a href="#note-762" id="noteref-762" epub:type="noteref">762</a></p>
|
||
<p>It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.<a href="#note-763" id="noteref-763" epub:type="noteref">763</a></p>
|
||
<p>Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions.<a href="#note-764" id="noteref-764" epub:type="noteref">764</a></p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-25">The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy;<a href="#note-765" id="noteref-765" epub:type="noteref">765</a> and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.<a href="#note-766" id="noteref-766" epub:type="noteref">766</a> Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality.</p>
|
||
<p id="chapter-13-p-26">Of old, the rise of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> dynasty<a href="#note-767" id="noteref-767" epub:type="noteref">767</a> was due to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Chih</span><a href="#note-768" id="noteref-768" epub:type="noteref">768</a> who had served under the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span>. Likewise, the rise of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> dynasty was due to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu Ya</span><a href="#note-769" id="noteref-769" epub:type="noteref">769</a> who had served under the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span>.<a href="#note-770" id="noteref-770" epub:type="noteref">770</a></p>
|
||
<p>Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying<a href="#note-771" id="noteref-771" epub:type="noteref">771</a> and thereby they achieve great results.<a href="#note-772" id="noteref-772" epub:type="noteref">772</a> Spies are a most important element in war, because on them depends an army’s ability to move.<a href="#note-773" id="noteref-773" epub:type="noteref">773</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="endnotes" epub:type="endnotes backmatter z3998:non-fiction">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Endnotes</h2>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li id="note-1" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Published at Paris in 1782. <a href="#noteref-1" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-2" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>A rather distressing Japanese flavor pervades the work throughout. Thus, King <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span> masquerades as “<span lang="ja-Latn" xml:lang="ja-Latn">Katsuryo</span>,” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> become “<span lang="ja-Latn" xml:lang="ja-Latn">Go</span>” and “<span lang="ja-Latn" xml:lang="ja-Latn">Etsu</span>,” <abbr>etc.</abbr> <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-2" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-3" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>A notable exception is to be found in Biot’s translation of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>. <a href="#noteref-3" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-4" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 65. <a href="#noteref-4" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-5" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Also written <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">闔閭</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lü</span>. He reigned from 514 to 496 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-5" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-6" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 130, <abbr>f.</abbr> 6 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-6" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-7" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I note that <abbr>M.</abbr> Chavannes translates <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民勞</span> <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">le peuple est épuisé</i>. But in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> own book (see especially <a href="#chapter-7-p-24" epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</a>, “Gongs and drums …”) the ordinary meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民</span> is “army,” and this, I think, is more suitable here. <a href="#noteref-7" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-8" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>These words are given also in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ-hsü’s</span> biography, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 66, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 3 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-8" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-9" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The appellation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">囊瓦</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Nang Wa</span>. <a href="#noteref-9" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-10" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 31, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 6 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-10" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-11" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 25, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 1 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-11" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-12" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The appellation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">狐偃</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hu Yen</span>, mentioned in <abbr>ch.</abbr> 39 under the year 637. <a href="#noteref-12" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-13" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王子城父</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang-tzǔ Chʽêng-fu</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 32, year 607. <a href="#noteref-13" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-14" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The mistake is natural enough. Native critics refer to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">越絶書</span>, a work of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> dynasty, which says (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 2, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 3 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr> of my edition): <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">巫門外大冢吳王客齊孫武冢也去縣十里善為兵法</span> “Ten <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> outside the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</i> gate [of the city of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>, now Soochow in Kiangsu] there is a great mound, raised to commemorate the entertainment of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, who excelled in the art of war, by the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.” <a href="#noteref-14" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-15" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子者吳人也善為兵法辟幽居世人莫知其能</span>. <a href="#noteref-15" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-16" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">君臣乖心則孫子不能以應敵</span>. <a href="#noteref-16" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-17" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫武以三萬破楚二十萬者楚無法故也</span>
|
||
<a href="#noteref-17" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-18" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chih</i>, on the other hand, says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">臏亦孫武之後世子孫也</span>. I remark in passing that the name <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武</span> for one who was a great warrior is just as suspicious as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">臏</span> for a man who had his feet cut off. <a href="#noteref-18" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-19" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>An allusion to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易經</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">繫辭</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> 2: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">弦木為弧剡大為矢弧矢之利以威天下</span> “They attached strings to wood to make bows, and sharpened wood to make arrows. The use of bows and arrows is to keep the Empire in awe.” <a href="#noteref-19" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-20" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">論語</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> 7. <a href="#noteref-20" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-21" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">書經</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> 7. <a href="#noteref-21" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-22" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易經</span>, 7th diagram (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師</span>). <a href="#noteref-22" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-23" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">詩經</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 5. <a href="#noteref-23" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-24" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司馬法</span> <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1 (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁本</span>) <abbr class="eoc">ad init.</abbr> The text of the passage in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圖書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戎政典</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 85) is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是故殺人安人殺之可也</span>. <a href="#noteref-24" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-25" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The son and successor of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lu</span>. He was finally defeated and overthrown by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勾踐</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span>, King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>, in 473 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. See <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">post</i>. <a href="#noteref-25" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-26" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>King <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">徐</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü</span>, a fabulous being, of whom <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> says in his preface: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁而敗</span> “His humanity brought him to destruction.” See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 5, <abbr>f.</abbr> I <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>, and <abbr>M.</abbr> Chavannes’ note, <i lang="fr" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="fr">Mémoires Historiques</i>, <abbr>tom.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 8. <a href="#noteref-26" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-27" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 90: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">操聞上古有弧矢之利論語曰足兵尚書八政曰師易曰師貞丈人吉詩曰王赫斯怒爰征其旅黃帝湯武咸用干戚以濟世也司馬法曰人故殺人殺之可也恃武者滅恃文者亡夫差偃王是也聖人之用兵戢而時動不得已而用之</span>. <a href="#noteref-27" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-28" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The passage I have put in brackets is omitted in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, and may be an interpolation. It was known, however, to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張守節</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Shou-chieh</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty, and it appears in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Pʽing Yü Lan</i>. <a href="#noteref-28" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-29" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> seems to be thinking of the first part of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>, perhaps especially of <a href="#chapter-2-p-8">“The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy …”</a> <a href="#noteref-29" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-30" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吾觀兵書戰策多矣孫武所著深矣孫子者齊人也名武為吳王闔閭作兵法一十三篇試之婦人卒以為將西破強楚入郢北威齊晉後百歲餘有孫矉是武之後也審計重舉明畫深圖不可相誣而但世人未之深亮訓說況文煩富行於世者失其旨要故撰略解焉</span>. <a href="#noteref-30" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-31" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">漢書藝文志</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵權謀</span>. <a href="#noteref-31" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-32" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋藝文志</span> mentions two editions of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> in 3 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>, namely <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫武孫子</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">朱服校定孫子</span>. <a href="#noteref-32" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-33" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <abbr>chap.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-1" epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</a>, “The art of war recognizes …” <a href="#noteref-33" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-34" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳王召孫子問以兵法每陳一篇王不知口之稱善</span>. <a href="#noteref-34" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-35" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">按此皆釋九地篇義辭意甚詳故其篇帙不能不多也</span>. <a href="#noteref-35" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-36" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Such as the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">八陣圖</span>, quoted in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭玄</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Hsüan’s</span> commentary on the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戰鬭大甲兵法</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵法雜占</span>, mentioned in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隋志</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui Chih</i>, and the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三十二壘經</span>, in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Tʽang Chih</i>. <a href="#noteref-36" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-37" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>On the other hand, it is noteworthy that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳子</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</i>, which is now in 6 chapters, has 48 assigned to it in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Chih</i>. Likewise, the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">中庸</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chung Yung</i> is credited with 49 chapters, though now in one only. In the case of such very short works, one is tempted to think that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">篇</span> might simply mean “leaves.” <a href="#noteref-37" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-38" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">經籍典</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr>442, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">彙考</span> 2. <a href="#noteref-38" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-39" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>An extract will be found in a later section of the introduction, <a href="#translators-intro-5-blockquote-2">Apologies for War</a>. (“War may be defined as punishment …”) <a href="#noteref-39" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-40" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武所著書凡數十萬言曹魏武帝削其繁剰筆其精切凡十三篇成為一編</span>. <a href="#noteref-40" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-41" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其所為注解十不釋一此蓋非曹不能盡注解也</span>. <a href="#noteref-41" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-42" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子尋魏志見曹自作兵書十餘萬言諸將征戰皆以新書從事從令者克捷違教者負敗意曹自於新書中馳驟其說自成一家事業不欲隨孫武後盡解其書不然者曹其不能耶今新書已亡不可復知</span>. <a href="#noteref-42" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-43" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏氏瑣連孫武之法</span>. <a href="#noteref-43" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-44" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子兵法序</span>. <a href="#noteref-44" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-45" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謙言解其觕略</span>. <a href="#noteref-45" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-46" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Ch.</abbr> 99, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 5 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-46" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-47" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">然史記稱十三篇在漢志之前不得以後來附益者為本書牧之言固未可以為據也</span>. <a href="#noteref-47" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-48" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 65 <abbr>ad fin</abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">世俗所稱師旅皆道孫子十三篇吳起兵法世多有故弗論</span>. <a href="#noteref-48" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-49" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">葉適</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yeh Shih</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> dynasty (1151–1223). See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">文獻通考</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>ff.</abbr> 7, 8. <a href="#noteref-49" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-50" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隱公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> 3 <abbr>ad fin.</abbr> and <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> 3 <abbr class="eoc">ad init.</abbr> He hardly deserves to be bracketed with assassins. <a href="#noteref-50" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-51" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#note-385">note 385</a> and <a href="#note-616">note 616</a>. <a href="#noteref-51" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-52" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">僖公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXX</span> 5. <a href="#noteref-52" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-53" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#note-628">note 626</a>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuan Chu</span> is the abbreviated form of his name. <a href="#noteref-53" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-54" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">I.e.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Pʽei</span>. See <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ante</i>. <a href="#noteref-54" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-55" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遷載孫武齊人而用於吳在闔閭時破楚入郢為大將按左氏無孫武他書所有左氏不必盡有然穎考叔曹劌燭之武鱄設諸之流微賤暴用事左氏未嘗遺而武功名章灼如此乃更闕又同時伍員宰嚭一一銓次乃獨不及武邪</span>. <a href="#noteref-55" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-56" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The nucleus of this work is probably genuine, though large additions have been made by later hands. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuan Chung</span> died in 645 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-56" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-57" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Tʽao</i> reference, <a href="#bibliography-p-5"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">infra</i></a>. <a href="#noteref-57" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-58" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I do not know what work this is, unless it be the last chapter of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國語</span>. Why that chapter should be singled out, however, is not clear. <a href="#noteref-58" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-59" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>About 480 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-59" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-60" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">詳味孫子與管子六韜越語相出入春秋末戰國初山林處士所為其言得用於吳者其徒夸大之說也</span>. <a href="#noteref-60" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-61" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>That is, I suppose, the age of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Wang</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Kang</span>. <a href="#noteref-61" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-62" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>In the 3rd century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-62" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-63" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Jang-chü</span>, whose family name was <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">田</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien</span>, lived in the latter half of the 6th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, and is also believed to have written a work on war. See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 64, and the entry for <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</i>, <a href="#bibliography-p-3"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">infra</i></a>. <a href="#noteref-63" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-64" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">自周之盛至春秋凡將兵者必與聞國政未有特將於外者六國時此制始改吳雖蠻夷而孫武為大將乃不為命卿而左氏無傅焉可乎故凡謂穰苴孫武者皆辯士妄相標指非事實其言闔閭試以婦人尤為奇險不足信</span>. <a href="#noteref-64" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-65" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See the end of the passage quoted from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> <a href="#translators-intro-1-p-16">earlier in this section</a>. <a href="#noteref-65" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-66" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>In the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">書錄解題</span>, a classified catalogue of his family library. <a href="#noteref-66" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-67" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Hsien Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 9 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">世之言兵者祖孫武然孫武事吳闔閭而不見於左傳不知果何時人也</span>. <a href="#noteref-67" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-68" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü Lu</i>, <abbr>f.</abbr> 14 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫吳或是古書</span>. <a href="#noteref-68" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-69" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">按孫子生於敬王之代故周秦兩漢諸書皆多襲用其文</span>. Here is a list of the passages in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> from which either the substance or the actual words have been appropriated by early authors:</p>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戰國策</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <a href="#chapter-1-p-29">“Attack him where he is unprepared …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-9">“If you march fifty <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <a href="#chapter-9-p-17">“If in the neighborhood of your camp …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳子</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-24">“If you know the enemy and know yourself …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-1">“The control of a large force …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-24">“Gongs and drums, banners and flags …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-7-p-26">“In night-fighting, then, make much use …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-7-p-31">“To be near the goal …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <a href="#chapter-9-p-1">“We come now to the question of encamping …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-9-p-3">“After crossing a river …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-9-p-4">“When an invading force crosses a river …”</a> (bis), <a href="#chapter-9-p-7">“In crossing salt-marshes …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-9-p-15">“Country in which there are precipitous cliffs …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-9-p-23">“When there is dust rising …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-58">“Place your army in deadly peril …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尉繚子</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-8">“It is the rule in war …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <a href="#chapter-4-p-7">“The general who is skilled in defence …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鶡冠子</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-2">“Hence to fight and conquer in all …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-14">“Therefore the good fighter will be terrible …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-19">“Let your plans be dark …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">史記</span> (Two of the below are given as quotations).</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <a href="#chapter-1-p-24">“Hence, when able to attack …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-8">“It is the rule in war …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> <a href="#chapter-6-p-1">“Whoever is first in the field …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> <a href="#chapter-10-p-10">“With regard to precipitous heights …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-2">“When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-11-p-58">“Place your army in deadly peril …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂氏春秋</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <a href="#chapter-4-p-2">“To secure ourselves against defeat …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-13">“The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">淮南子</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <a href="#chapter-1-p-12">“Which of the two sovereigns is imbued …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <a href="#chapter-4-p-20">“The onrush of a conquering forces is like …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-4">“That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-5-p-15">“Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-5-p-23">“Thus the energy developed by good fighting men …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> <a href="#chapter-6-p-4">“If the enemy is taking his ease …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-6-p-7">“You can be sure of succeeding …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-19">“Let your plans be dark and impenetrable …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-7-p-25">“The host thus forming a single united body …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-7-p-26">“In night-fighting, then, make much use …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-7-p-32">“To refrain from intercepting …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span> <a href="#chapter-8-p-11">“The art of war teaches us to rely not …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <a href="#chapter-9-p-11">“All armies prefer high ground to low …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-9-p-12">“If you are careful of your men …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-9-p-43">“Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-30">“Asked if an army can be made to imitate …”</a>, <a href="#chapter-11-p-39">“He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太元經</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-4">“The impact of your army may be like a grindstone …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>From the <span lang="cmn-Hant" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潛夫論</span>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <a href="#chapter-2-p-19">“Thus it may be known that the leader of armies …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> <a href="#chapter-10-p-14">“Now an army is exposed to six several calamities …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="#noteref-69" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-70" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See Legge’s Classics, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>, Prolegomena <abbr>p.</abbr> 27. Legge thinks that the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i> must have been written in the 5th century, but not before 424 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-70" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-71" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The instances quoted are:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-14">“By attempting to govern an army …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-3-p-15">“By employing the officers of his army …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">同</span> is said to be equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">冒</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <a href="#chapter-2-p-15">“Now in order to kill the enemy …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">𦮼</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">萁</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-28">“Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歸</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">息</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-60">“Success in warfare is gained by …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">詳</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">佯</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-24">“Soldiers when in desperate straits …”</a>: the use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬥</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬬</span> (the later form)</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-64">“Be stern in the council-chamber …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">誅</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <a href="#chapter-9-p-3">“After crossing a river, you should get far away …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">越</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-11">“Now the general is the bulwark …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">周</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隙</span> antithetically opposed in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無缺</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">有缺</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-56">“Bestow rewards without regard to rule …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">犯</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">動</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-31">“Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust …”</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">方</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">縛</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="#noteref-71" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-72" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Mencius</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 13–20. <a href="#noteref-72" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-73" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">山林處士</span> need not be pressed to mean an actual dweller in the mountains. I think it simply denotes a person living a retired life and standing aloof from public affairs. <a href="#noteref-73" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-74" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>When <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> first appears in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽun Chʽiu</i> in 584, it is already at variance with its powerful neighbour. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽun Chʽiu</i> first mentions <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> in 537, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i> in 601. <a href="#noteref-74" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-75" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This is explicitly stated in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">昭公</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXXII</span>, 2: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夏吳伐越始用師於越也</span>. <a href="#noteref-75" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-76" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>There is this to be said for the later period, that the feud would tend to grow more bitter after each encounter, and thus more fully justify the language used in <a href="#chapter-11-p-30" epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</a>. (“For the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> …”) <a href="#noteref-76" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-77" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See his preface to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>:—<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">入郢威齊晉之功歸之子胥故春秋傳不載其名葢功成不受官</span>. <a href="#noteref-77" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-78" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>With <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüan</span> himself the case is just the reverse:—a spurious treatise on war has been fathered on him simply because he was a great general. Here we have an obvious inducement to forgery. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, on the other hand, cannot have been widely known to fame in the 5th century. <a href="#noteref-78" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-79" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">定公</span>, 4th year (506), § 14: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">自昭王卽位無歲不有吳師</span> “From the date of King <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao’s</span> accession [515] there was no year in which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> was not attacked by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span>.” <a href="#noteref-79" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-80" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#translators-intro-1-p-34">supra</a>. (“There is every reason to suppose …”) <a href="#noteref-80" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-81" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">秦漢已來用兵皆用其法而或祕其書不肯注以傳世魏武始為之注</span>. <a href="#noteref-81" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-82" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋藝文志</span>. <a href="#noteref-82" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-83" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Alluded to in <a href="#note-32">note 32</a>. <a href="#noteref-83" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-84" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><a href="#note-32">Note 32</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蓋宋人又從大興朱氏處見明人刻本餘則世無傳者</span>. <a href="#noteref-84" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-85" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>A good biographical notice, with a list of his works, will be found in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國朝詩人徵略</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 48, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 18 <abbr class="eoc">sqq.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-85" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-86" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Preface <abbr>ad fin.</abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吾家出樂安眞孫子之後媿余徒讀祖書考証文字不通方略亦享承平之福者久也</span> “My family comes from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lo-an</span>, and we are really descended from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. I am ashamed to say that I only read my ancestor’s work from a literary point of view, without comprehending the military technique. So long have we been enjoying the blessings of peace!” <a href="#noteref-86" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-87" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hua-yin</span> is about 14 miles from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潼關</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung-kuan</span> on the eastern border of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shensi</span>. The temple in question is still visited by those about to make the ascent of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">華山</span> or Western Sacred Mountain. It is mentioned in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大明一統志</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 1461), <abbr>ch.</abbr> 32, <abbr>f.</abbr> 22, as the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">西嶽廟</span>:—<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">在華陰縣東五里廟有唐玄宗所製華山碑</span> “Situated five <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> east of the district city of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hua-yin</span>. The temple contains the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hua-shan</span> tablet inscribed by the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsüan Tsung</span> [713–755].” <a href="#noteref-87" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-88" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曩予游關中讀華陰嶽廟道藏見有此書後有鄭友賢遺說一卷</span>. <a href="#noteref-88" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-89" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen’s</span> remark apropos of his mistakes in the names and order of the commentators: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吉天保之不深究此書可知</span>. <a href="#noteref-89" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-90" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國家令甲以孫子校士所傳本或多錯謬當用古本是正其文適吳念湖太守畢恬溪孝廉皆為此學所得或過于予遂刋一編以課武士.</span>
|
||
<a href="#noteref-90" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-91" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See my <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Catalogue of Chinese Books</i> (Luzac & <abbr>Co.</abbr>, 1908), <abbr>no.</abbr> 40. <a href="#noteref-91" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-92" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This is a discussion of 29 difficult passages in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, namely:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <a href="#chapter-1-p-2">“It is a matter of life and death …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <a href="#chapter-1-p-31">“Now the general who wins a battle …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <a href="#chapter-1-p-21">“While heeding the profit of my counsel …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <a href="#chapter-2-p-9">“Bring war material with you from home …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-2-p-10">“Poverty of the State exchequer …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-3">“Thus the highest form of generalship …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapters <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> and <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> <a href="#chapter-3-p-17">“Thus we may know that there five essentials …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <a href="#chapter-4-p-6">“Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <a href="#chapter-4-p-6">“Standing on the defensive indicates …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-3">“To ensure that your whole host may withstand …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-10">“In battle, there are not more than two methods …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-5-p-11">“The direct and the indirect lead on to each other …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <a href="#chapter-5-p-14">“Therefore the good fighter will be terrible …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>The headings of the 13 chapters, with special reference to <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-5">“Manoeuvring with an army is advantageous …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-15">“In war, practice dissimulation …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-7-p-16">“Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-27">“A whole army may be robbed …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-33">“It is a military axiom not to advance uphill …”</a>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span> <a href="#chapter-8-p-1">“In war, the general receives his commands …”</a> through <a href="#chapter-8-p-6">“So, the student of war who is unversed …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <a href="#chapter-9-p-11">“All armies prefer high ground to low …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> <a href="#chapter-10-p-1">“We may distinguish six kinds of terrain …”</a> through <a href="#chapter-10-p-20">“There are six ways of courting defeat …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-23">“Throw your soldiers into postions whence there is no escape …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-31">“Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-19">“Rapidity is the essence of war …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-43">“When you leave your own country behind …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> <a href="#chapter-7-p-12">“We cannot enter into alliances …”</a> through <a href="#chapter-7-p-14">“We shall be unable to turn …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-11-p-52">“We cannot enter into alliance …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-56">“Bestow rewards without regard to rule …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span> <a href="#chapter-13-p-15">“Spies cannot be usefully employed without …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-13-p-16">“They cannot be properly managed without …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span> <a href="#chapter-13-p-26">“Of old, the rise of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> dynasty …”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span> in general.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="#noteref-92" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-93" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Preface to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> edition: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子注者尤多武之書本於兵兵之術非一而以不窮為奇宜其說者之多也</span>. <a href="#noteref-93" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-94" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏書</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1. <a href="#noteref-94" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-95" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏書</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">然前世言善用兵稱曹公曹公嘗與董呂諸袁角其力而勝之遂與吳蜀分漢而王傳言魏之將出兵千里每坐計勝敗授其成算諸將用之十不失一一有違者兵輒敗北</span>. <a href="#noteref-95" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-96" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天一閣藏書總目</span> Catalogue of the library of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">范</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fan</span> family at <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ningpo</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子部</span>, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 12 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其註多隱辭引而不發</span> “His commentary is frequently obscure; it furnishes a clue, but does not fully develop the meaning.” <a href="#noteref-96" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-97" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">玉海</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 141 <abbr class="eoc">ad init.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-97" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-98" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Hsien Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 9 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-98" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-99" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Ch.</abbr> 207, <abbr>f.</abbr> 5 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-99" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-100" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>It is interesting to note that <abbr>M.</abbr> Pelliot has recently discovered chapters 1, 4 and 5 of this lost work in the Grottos of the Thousand Buddhas. See <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">B.E.F.E.O.</abbr>, <abbr>t.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>, <abbr>nos.</abbr> 3–4, <abbr>p.</abbr> 525. <a href="#noteref-100" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-101" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">B.E.F.E.O.</abbr>, <abbr>t.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>, <abbr>nos.</abbr> 3–4, <abbr>p.</abbr> 525. <a href="#noteref-101" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-102" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Hsien Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 9: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">世謂牧慨然最喜論兵欲試而不得者其學能道春秋戰國時事甚博而詳知兵者有取焉</span>. <a href="#noteref-102" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-103" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Preface to his commentary (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">經籍典</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 442): <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武之所論大約用仁義使機權也</span>. <a href="#noteref-103" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-104" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Preface to his commentary (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">經籍典</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 442): <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">自武死後凡千歲將兵者有成者有敗者勘其事跡皆與武所著書一一相抵當</span>. <a href="#noteref-104" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-105" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 9: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皥以曹公注隱微杜牧注闊踈重為之注云</span>. <a href="#noteref-105" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-106" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 9: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皥以曹公注隱微杜牧注闊踈重為之注云</span>. <a href="#noteref-106" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-107" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span>, the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shang</span> and the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span>. Although the last-named was nominally existent in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> day, it retained hardly a vestige of power, and the old military organisation had practically gone by the board. I can suggest no other explanation of the passage. <a href="#noteref-107" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-108" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXIX</span> 6–10. <a href="#noteref-108" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-109" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戎政典</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 90, <abbr>f.</abbr> 2 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">後之學者徒見其書又各牽於己見是以注者雖多而少當也獨吾友聖俞不然嘗評武之書曰此戰國相傾之說也三代王者之師司馬九伐之法武不及也然亦愛其文略而意深其行師用兵料敵制勝亦皆有法其言甚有序次而注者汩之或失其意乃自為注凡膠于偏見者皆抉去傳以己意而發之然後武之說不汩而明吾知此書當與三家並傳而後世取其說者往往于吾聖俞多焉</span>. <a href="#noteref-109" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-110" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 11 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皙以古本校正闕誤</span>. <a href="#noteref-110" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-111" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">四庫全書</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 99, <abbr>f.</abbr> 16 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-111" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-112" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This appears to be still extant. See Wylie’s “Notes,” <abbr>p.</abbr> 91 (new edition). <a href="#noteref-112" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-113" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Kʽao</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 221, <abbr>f.</abbr> 11 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁廟時天下久承平人不習兵元昊既叛邊將數敗朝廷頗訪知兵者士大夫人人言兵矣故本朝注解孫武書者大抵皆其時人也</span>. <a href="#noteref-113" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-114" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>A notable person in his day. His biography is given in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Kuo Chih</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 10. <a href="#noteref-114" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-115" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Ch.</abbr> 100, <abbr>ff.</abbr> 2, 3. <a href="#noteref-115" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-116" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#note-676">note 672</a>. <a href="#noteref-116" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-117" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 17 <abbr class="eoc">ad init.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-117" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-118" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Kuo Chih</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 54 <abbr>f.</abbr> 10 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr> (commentary). <a href="#noteref-118" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-119" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung Shih</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 365 <abbr class="eoc">ad init.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-119" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-120" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The few Europeans who have yet had an opportunity of acquainting themselves with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> are not behindhand in their praise. In this connection, I may perhaps be excused for quoting from a letter from Lord Roberts, to whom the sheets of the present work were submitted previous to publication: “Many of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu’s</span> maxims are perfectly applicable to the present day, and ‘The art of war teaches us to rely …’ in <a href="#chapter-8-p-11"><abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a> is one that the people of this country would do well to take to heart.” <a href="#noteref-120" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-121" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Ch.</abbr> 140, <abbr>f.</abbr> 13 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-121" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-122" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#chapter-4-p-3" epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</a>. (“Thus the good fighter is able …”) <a href="#noteref-122" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-123" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The allusion may be to Mencius <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> 2 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> 2: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戰必克</span>. <a href="#noteref-123" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-124" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武用兵不能必克與書所言遠甚吳起與武一體之人皆著書言兵世稱之曰孫吳然而起之言兵也輕法制草略無所統紀不若武之書詞約而義盡</span>. <a href="#noteref-124" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-125" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>. <a href="#noteref-125" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-126" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子十三篇不惟武人之根本文士亦當盡心焉其詞約而縟易而深暢而可用論語易大傳之流孟荀楊著書皆不及也</span>. <a href="#noteref-126" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-127" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是啟人君窮兵黷武之心</span>. <a href="#noteref-127" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-128" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 25, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 1: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵者聖人所以討彊暴平亂世夷險阻救危殆自含血戴角之獸見犯則校而况於人懷好惡喜怒之氣喜則愛心生怒則毒螫加情性之理也</span> … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">豈與世儒闇於大較不權輕重猥云德化不當用兵大至窘辱失守小乃侵犯削弱遂執不移等哉故教笞不可廢於家刑罰不可捐於國誅伐不可偃於天下用之有巧拙行之有逆順耳</span>. <a href="#noteref-128" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-129" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The first instance of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">木索</span> given in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Wên Yün Fu</i> is from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Chʽien’s</span> letter to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仼安</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jên An</span> (see <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">文選</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 41, <abbr>f.</abbr> 9 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>), where <abbr>M.</abbr> Chavannes translates it <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">la cangue et la chaîne</i>. But in the present passage it seems rather to indicate some single instrument of torture. <a href="#noteref-129" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-130" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵者刑也刑者政事也為夫子之徒實仲由冉求之事也今者據案聽訟械繋罪人笞死于巿者吏之所為也驅兵數萬撅其城郭纍其妻子斬其罪人亦吏之所為也木索兵刃無異意也笞之與斬無異刑也小而易制用力少者木索笞也大而難治用力多者兵刃斬也俱期於除去惡民安活善民</span>. <a href="#noteref-130" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-131" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 47, <abbr>f.</abbr> 11 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-131" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-132" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">季孫問于冉有曰子之戰學之乎性達之乎對曰學之季孫曰事孔子惡乎學冉有曰即學之於孔子者大聖兼該文武並用適聞其戰法實未之詳也夫不知自何代何年何人分為二道曰文曰武離而俱行因使縉紳之士不敢言兵甚或恥言之苟有言者世以為麤暴異人人不比數嗚呯亡失根本斯為最甚</span>. <a href="#noteref-132" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-133" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu Ching</i>, preface § 55. <a href="#noteref-133" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-134" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">定公</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> 2; <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 47, <abbr>f.</abbr> 4 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-134" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-135" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">周公相成王制禮作樂尊大儒術有淮夷叛則出征之夫子相魯公會于夾谷曰有文事者必有武備叱辱齊侯伏不敢動是二大聖人豈不知兵乎</span>. <a href="#noteref-135" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-136" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XV</span> 1. <a href="#noteref-136" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-137" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">哀公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> 7. <a href="#noteref-137" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-138" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#translators-intro-5-p-9">supra</a>. (“When Confucius held office …”) <a href="#noteref-138" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-139" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">定公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> 2. <a href="#noteref-139" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-140" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> 5; <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Yü</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1 <abbr class="eoc">ad fin.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-140" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-141" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I have failed to trace this utterance. See <a href="#note-123">note 123</a>. <a href="#noteref-141" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-142" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#translators-intro-5-p-7">supra</a>. (“<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-sun</span> asked <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jan Yu</span> …”) <a href="#noteref-142" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-143" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">性理彙要</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 17: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">昔吾夫子對衛靈公以軍旅之事未之學答孔文子以甲兵之事未之聞及觀夾谷之會則以兵加萊人而齊侯懼費人之亂則命將士以伐之而費人北嘗曰我戰則克而冉有亦曰聖人文武並用孔子豈有眞未學未聞哉特以軍旅甲兵之事非所以爲訓也</span>. <a href="#noteref-143" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-144" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#translators-intro-5-blockquote-3">supra</a>. (“He once uttered the words …”) <a href="#noteref-144" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-145" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Viz.</abbr>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍禮</span>, the other four being <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吉</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">凶</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">賓</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">嘉</span> “worship mourning, entertainment of guests and festive rites.” See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu Ching</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>, 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 8, and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> <abbr>fol.</abbr> 49. <a href="#noteref-145" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-146" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Preface to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孔子曰軍旅之事未之學又曰我戰則克孔子定禮正樂兵則五禮之一不必以為專門之學故云未學所為聖人有所不知或行軍好謀則學之或善將將如伍子胥之用孫子又何必自學之故又曰我戰則克也</span>. <a href="#noteref-146" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-147" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#note-747">note 743</a>. <a href="#noteref-147" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-148" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This is a rather obscure allusion to <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">襄公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXXI</span> 4, where <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tzǔ-chʽan</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子有美錦不使人學製焉</span> “If you have a piece of beautiful brocade, you will not employ a mere learner to make it up.” <a href="#noteref-148" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-149" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tao Tê Ching</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 31: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵者不祥之器</span>. <a href="#noteref-149" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-150" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Hsing-yen</span> might have quoted Confucius again. See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span> 29, 30. <a href="#noteref-150" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-151" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">今世泥孔子之言以為兵書不足觀又泥趙括徒能讀父書之言以為成法不足用又見兵書有權謀有反間以為非聖人之法皆不知吾儒之學者吏之治事可習而能然古人猶有學製之懼兵凶戰危將不素習未可以人命為嘗試則十三篇之不可不觀也</span>. <a href="#noteref-151" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-152" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Better known as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiang</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">羽</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> 233–202). <a href="#noteref-152" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-153" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The third among the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五伯</span> (or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">霸</span>) enumerated in <a href="#note-662">note 658</a>. For the incident referred to, see <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">僖公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXII</span> 4. <a href="#noteref-153" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-154" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#note-26">note 26</a>. <a href="#noteref-154" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-155" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 47, <abbr>f.</abbr> 7 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-155" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-156" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 38, <abbr>f.</abbr> 8 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-156" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-157" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">項梁教籍兵法籍略知其意不肯竟學卒以傾覆不知兵法之弊可勝言哉宋襄徐偃仁而敗兵者危機當用權謀孔子猶有要盟勿信微服過宋之時安得妄責孫子以言之不純哉</span>. <a href="#noteref-157" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-158" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其時去古未遠三代遺規往往於此書見之</span>. <a href="#noteref-158" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-159" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其最古者當以孫子吳子司馬法為本大抵生聚訓練之術權謀運用之宜而已</span>. <a href="#noteref-159" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-160" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#note-773">note 769</a>. Further details on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span> will be found in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 32 <abbr class="eoc">ad init.</abbr> Besides the tradition which makes him a former minister of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Hsin</span>, two other accounts of him are there given, according to which he would appear to have been first raised from a humble private station by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Wang</span>. <a href="#noteref-160" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-161" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其文義不類三代</span>. <a href="#noteref-161" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-162" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其言多近於正與戰國權謀頗殊</span>. <a href="#noteref-162" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-163" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Shu</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張良傳</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 40. The work is there called <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太公兵法</span>. Hence it has been confused with the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Tʽao</i>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> attributes both the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Tʽao</i> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Lüeh</i> to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span>. <a href="#noteref-163" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-164" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其文不類秦漢間書漢光武帝詔雖嘗引之安知非反摭詔中所引二語以證實其書謂之北宋以前舊本則可矣</span>. Another work said to have been written by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-shih Kung</span>, and also included in the military section of the Imperial Catalogue, is the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">素書</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Su Shu</i> in 1 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chüan</i>. A short ethical treatise of Taoist savour, having no reference whatever to war, it is pronounced a forgery from the hand of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張商英</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Shang-ying</span> (<abbr>d.</abbr> 1121), who edited it with commentary. Correct Wylie’s “Notes,” new edition, <abbr>p.</abbr> 90, and Courant’s <i lang="fr" epub:type="se:name.publication" xml:lang="fr">Catalogue des Livres Chinois</i>, <abbr>no.</abbr> 5056. <a href="#noteref-164" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-165" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其書雖偽亦出於有學識謀略者之手也</span>. We are told in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">讀書志</span> that the above six works, together with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, were those prescribed for military training in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">元豐</span> period (1078–85). See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Hai</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 140, <abbr>f.</abbr> 4 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. <a href="#noteref-165" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-166" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Also written <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">握機經</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">幄機經</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chi Ching</i>. <a href="#noteref-166" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-167" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其言具有條理</span>. <a href="#noteref-167" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-168" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is the only possible meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計</span>, which <abbr>M.</abbr> Amiot and <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop wrongly translate <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Fondements de l’art militaire</i> and “First principles” respectively. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says it refers to the deliberations in the temple selected by the general for his temporary use, or as we should say, in his tent. See the end of <a href="#chapter-1-p-31">ch. <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>. (“Now the general …”) <a href="#noteref-168" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-169" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The old text of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故經之以五校之計</span>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> Later editors have inserted <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">事</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計</span>. The former correction is perhaps superfluous, but the latter seems necessary in order to make sense, and is supported by the accepted reading later in <a href="#chapter-1-p-11">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a> (“Therefore, in your deliberations …”), where the same words recur. I am inclined to think, however, that the whole sentence from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">校</span> to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">情</span> is an interpolation and has no business here at all. If it be retained, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> must be right in saying that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計</span> denotes the “seven considerations” <a href="#chapter-1-p-12">listed afterwards</a> (“Which of the two sovereigns …”). <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">情</span> are the circumstances or conditions likely to bring about victory or defeat. The antecedent of the first <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵者</span>; of the second, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">校</span> contains the idea of “comparison with the enemy,” which cannot well be brought out here, but will appear later in <a href="#chapter-1-p-11">the chapter</a> (“Therefore, in your deliberations …”). Altogether, difficult though it is, the passage is not so hopelessly corrupt as to justify <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop in burking it entirely. <a href="#noteref-169" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
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<li id="note-170" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>It appears from what follows that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> means by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">道</span> a principle of harmony, not unlike the Tao of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lao Tzǔ</span> in its moral aspect. One might be tempted to render it by “morale,” were it not considered as an attribute of the <em>ruler</em> in the first of the <a href="#chapter-1-p-12">seven considerations</a>. <a href="#noteref-170" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
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<li id="note-171" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>The original text omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令民</span>, inserts an <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以</span> after each <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">可</span>, and omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">而</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates: “If the ruling authority be upright, the people are united”—a very pretty sentiment, but wholly out of place in what purports to be a translation of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. <a href="#noteref-171" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-172" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The commentators, I think, make an unnecessary mystery of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陰陽</span>. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span> defines the words as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">剛柔盈縮</span> “the hard and the soft, waxing and waning,” which does not help us much. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, however, may be right in saying that what is meant is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">總天道</span> “the general economy of Heaven,” including the five elements, the four seasons, wind and clouds, and other phenomena. <a href="#noteref-172" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-173" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死生</span> (omitted by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop) may have been included here because the safety of an army depends largely on its quickness to turn these geographical features to account. <a href="#noteref-173" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-174" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>The five cardinal virtues of the Chinese are (1) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁</span> humanity or benevolence; (2) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">義</span> uprightness of mind; (3) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">禮</span> self-respect, self-control, or “proper feeling;” (4) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">智</span> wisdom; (5) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span> sincerity or good faith. Here <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">智</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span> are put before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁</span>, and the two military virtues of “courage” and “strictness” substituted for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">義</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">禮</span>. <a href="#noteref-174" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-175" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The Chinese of this sentence is so concise as to be practically unintelligible without commentary. I have followed the interpretation of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, who joins <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲制</span> and again <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主用</span>. Others take each of the six predicates separately. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲</span> has the somewhat uncommon sense of “cohort” or division of an army. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates: “Partition and ordering of troops,” which only covers <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲制</span>. <a href="#noteref-175" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-176" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has an interpolated <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計</span>. It is obvious, however, that the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五者</span> just enumerated cannot be described as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, forced to give some rendering of the words which he had omitted <a href="#chapter-1-p-3">earlier</a> (“The art of war, then, is governed …”), shows himself decidedly hazy: “Further, with regard to these and the following seven matters, the condition of the enemy must be compared with our own.” He does not appear to see that the seven queries or considerations which follow arise directly out of the Five heads, instead of being supplementary to them. <a href="#noteref-176" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-177" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">I.e.</abbr>, “is in harmony with his subjects.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-1-p-5">chapter <abbr epub:type="z3998:roman">I</abbr></a> (“The Moral Law causes …”). <a href="#noteref-177" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-178" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>See <a href="#chapter-1-p-6">chapter <abbr epub:type="z3998:roman">I</abbr></a> (“Heaven signifies …” and “Earth comprises …”). <a href="#noteref-178" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-179" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> alludes to the remarkable story of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 155–220), who was such a strict disciplinarian that once, in accordance with his own severe regulations against injury to standing crops, he condemned himself to death for having allowed his horse to shy into a field of corn! However, in lieu of losing his head, he was persuaded to satisfy his sense of justice by cutting off his hair. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao’s</span> own comment on the present passage is characteristically curt: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">設而不犯犯而必誅</span> “when you lay down a law, see that it is not disobeyed; if it is disobeyed, the offender must be put to death.” <a href="#noteref-179" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-180" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Morally as well as physically. As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> puts it, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">內和外附</span>, which might be freely rendered “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">esprit de corps</span> and ‘big battalions.’ ” <a href="#noteref-180" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-181" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> quotes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王子</span> as saying: “Without constant practice, the officers will be nervous and undecided when mustering for battle; without constant practice, the general will be wavering and irresolute when the crisis is at hand.” <a href="#noteref-181" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-182" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">明</span>, literally “clear;” that is, on which side is there the most absolute certainty that merit will be properly rewarded and misdeeds summarily punished? <a href="#noteref-182" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-183" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The form of this paragraph reminds us that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> treatise was composed expressly for the benefit of his patron <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">闔閭</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lü</span>, king of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> State. It is not necessary, however, to understand <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">留之</span> (as some commentators do), or to take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將</span> as “generals under my command.” <a href="#noteref-183" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-184" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop blunders amazingly over this sentence: “Wherefore, with regard to the foregoing, considering that with us lies the advantage, and the generals agreeing, we create a situation which promises victory.” Mere logic should have kept him from penning such frothy balderdash. <a href="#noteref-184" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-185" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, as a practical soldier, will have none of the “bookish theoric.” He cautions us here not to pin our faith to abstract principles; “for,” as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> puts it, “while the main laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of all and sundry, you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in attempting to secure a favourable position in actual warfare.” On the eve of the battle of Waterloo, Lord Uxbridge, commanding the cavalry, went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what his plans and calculations were for the morrow, because, as he explained, he might suddenly find himself Commander-in-chief and would be unable to frame new plans in a critical moment. The Duke listened quietly and then said: “Who will attack the first tomorrow—I or Bonaparte?” “Bonaparte,” replied Lord Uxbridge. “Well,” continued the Duke, “Bonaparte has not given me any idea of his projects; and as my plans will depend upon his, how can you expect me to tell you what mine are?”<a href="#note-774" id="noteref-774" epub:type="noteref">774</a> <a href="#noteref-185" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-186" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>The truth of this pithy and profound saying will be admitted by every soldier. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson tells us that Wellington, great in so many military qualities, was especially distinguished by “the extraordinary skill with which he concealed his movements and deceived both friend and foe.” <a href="#noteref-186" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-187" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">取</span>, as often in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, is used in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">擊</span>. It is rather remarkable that all the commentators, with the exception of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, refer <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">亂</span> to the enemy: “when he is in disorder, crush him.” It is more natural to suppose that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is still illustrating the uses of deception in war. <a href="#noteref-187" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-188" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">實</span> is made clear from <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span>, where it is opposed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">虛</span> “weak or vulnerable spots.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">强</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> and other commentators, has reference to the keenness of the men as well as to numerical superiority. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop evolves an extraordinarily far-fetched translation: “If there are defects, give an appearance of perfection, and awe the enemy. Pretend to be strong, and so cause the enemy to avoid you”! <a href="#noteref-188" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-189" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I follow <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> in my interpretation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怒</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卑</span> is expanded by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">示以卑弱</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Tzǔ</span>, quoted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, says that the good tactician plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse, first feigning weakness and immobility, and then suddenly pouncing upon him. <a href="#noteref-189" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-190" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This is probably the meaning, though <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> has the note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以我之佚待彼之勞</span> “while we are taking our ease, wait for the enemy to tire himself out.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">引而勞之</span> “Lure him on and tire him out.” This would seem also to have been <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> text, judging by his comment <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以利勞之</span>. <a href="#noteref-190" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-191" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Less plausible is the interpretation favoured by most of the commentators: “If sovereign and subject are in accord, put division between them.” <a href="#noteref-191" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-192" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This seems to be the way in which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> understood the passage, and is perhaps the best sense to be got out of the text as it stands. Most of the commentators give the following explanation: “It is impossible to lay down rules for warfare before you come into touch with the enemy.” This would be very plausible if it did not ignore <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此</span>, which unmistakably refers to the maxims which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> <em>has</em> been laying down. It is possible, of course, that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此</span> may be a later interpolation, in which case the sentence would practically mean: “Success in warfare cannot be taught.” As an alternative, however, I would venture to suggest that a second <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不</span> may have fallen out after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">可</span>, so that we get: “These maxims for succeeding in war are the first that ought to be imparted.” <a href="#noteref-192" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-193" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> tells us that in ancient times it was customary for a temple to be set apart for the use of a general who was about to take the field, in order that he might there elaborate his plan of campaign. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop misunderstands it as “the shrine of the ancestors,” and gives a loose and inaccurate rendering of the whole passage. <a href="#noteref-193" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-194" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> has the note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">欲戰必先算其費務</span> “He who wishes to fight must first count the cost,” which prepares us for the discovery that the subject of the chapter is not what we might expect from the title, but is primarily a consideration of ways and means. <a href="#noteref-194" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-195" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">馳車</span> were lightly built and, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, used for the attack; the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">革車</span> were heavier, and designed for purposes of defence. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, it is true, says that the latter were light, but this seems hardly probable. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates “chariots” and “supply wagons” respectively, but is not supported by any commentator. It is interesting to note the analogies between early Chinese warfare and that of the Homeric Greeks. In each case, the war-chariot was the important factor, forming as it did the nucleus round which was grouped a certain number of foot-soldiers. With regard to the numbers given here, we are informed that each swift chariot was accompanied by 75 footmen, and each heavy chariot by 25 footmen, so that the whole army would be divided up into a thousand battalions, each consisting of two chariots and a hundred men. <a href="#noteref-195" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-196" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>2.78 modern <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> go to a mile. The length may have varied slightly since <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> time. <a href="#noteref-196" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-197" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">則</span>, which follows <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">糧</span> in the textus receptus, is important as indicating the apodosis. In the text adopted by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop it is omitted, so that he is led to give this meaningless translation of the opening sentence: “Now the requirements of War are such that we need 1,000 chariots,” <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> The second <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">費</span>, which is redundant, is omitted in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">千金</span>, like <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">千里</span> above, is meant to suggest a large but indefinite number. As the Chinese have never possessed gold coins, it is incorrect to translate it “1000 pieces of gold.” <a href="#noteref-197" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-198" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop adds: “You have the instruments of victory,” which he seems to get from the first five characters of the next sentence. <a href="#noteref-198" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-199" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝</span>; but though <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝久</span> is certainly a bold phrase, it is more likely to be right than not. Both in this place and in § 4, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">頓</span> (in the sense of “to injure”) instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鈍</span>. <a href="#noteref-199" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-200" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As synonyms to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">屈</span> are given <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">盡</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">殫</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">窮</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">困</span>. <a href="#noteref-200" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-201" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">久暴師</span> means literally, “If there is long exposure of the army.” Of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">暴</span> in this sense <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</span> cites an instance from the biography of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">竇融</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tou Jung</span> in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, where the commentary defines it by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">露</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> also the following from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戰國策</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將軍久暴露於外</span> “General, you have long been exposed to all weathers.” <a href="#noteref-201" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-202" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Following <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, I understand <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">善</span> in the sense of “to make good,” <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> to mend. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> explain it as “to make good plans”—for the future. <a href="#noteref-202" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-203" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This concise and difficult sentence is not well explained by any of the commentators. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> have notes to the effect that a general, though naturally stupid, may nevertheless conquer through sheer force of rapidity. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> says: “Haste may be stupid, but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and treasure; protracted operations may be very clever, but they bring calamity in their train.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> evades the difficulty by remarking: “Lengthy operations mean an army growing old, wealth being expended, an empty exchequer and distress among the people; true cleverness insures against the occurrence of such calamities.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “So long as victory can be attained, stupid haste is preferable to clever dilatoriness.” Now <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> says nothing whatever, except possibly by implication, about ill-considered haste being better than ingenious but lengthy operations. What he does say is something much more guarded, namely that, while speed may sometimes be injudicious, tardiness can never be anything but foolish—if only because it means impoverishment to the nation. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop indulges his imagination with the following: “Therefore it is acknowledged that war cannot be too short in duration. But though conducted with the utmost art, if long continuing, misfortunes do always appear.” It is hardly worth while to note the total disappearance of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">拙速</span> in this precious concoction. In considering the point raised here by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, the classic example of Fabius Cunctator will inevitably occur to the mind. That general deliberately measured the endurance of Rome against that of Hannibal’s isolated army, because it seemed to him that the latter was more likely to suffer from a long campaign in a strange country. But it is quite a moot question whether his tactics would have proved successful in the long run. Their reversal, it is true, led to Cannae; but this only establishes a negative presumption in their favour. <a href="#noteref-203" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-204" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圖</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國</span>—evidently the mistake of a scribe. <a href="#noteref-204" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-205" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>That is, with rapidity. Only one who knows the disastrous effects of a long war can realise the supreme importance of rapidity in bringing it to a close. Only two commentators seem to favour this interpretation, but it fits well into the logic of the context, whereas the rendering, “He who does not know the evils of war cannot appreciate its benefits,” is distinctly pointless. <a href="#noteref-205" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-206" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Once war is declared, he will not waste precious time in waiting for reinforcements, not will he turn his army back for fresh supplies, but crosses the enemy’s frontier without delay. This may seem an audacious policy to recommend, but with all great strategists, from Julius Caesar to Napoleon Bonaparte, the value of time—that is, being a little ahead of your opponent—has counted for more than either numerical superiority or the nicest calculations with regard to commissariat. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">籍</span> is used in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">賦</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have the inferior reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">籍</span>. The commentators explain <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不三載</span> by saying that the wagons are loaded once before passing the frontier, and that the army is met by a further consignment of supplies on the homeward march. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, however, reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">再</span> here as well. <a href="#noteref-206" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-207" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">用</span>, “things to be used,” in the widest sense. It includes all the impedimenta of an army, apart from provisions. <a href="#noteref-207" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-208" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The beginning of this sentence does not balance properly with the next, though obviously intended to do so. The arrangement, moreover, is so awkward that I cannot help suspecting some corruption in the text. It never seems to occur to Chinese commentators that an emendation may be necessary for the sense, and we get no help from them here. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> says that the cause of the people’s impoverishment is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遠輸</span>; it is clear, therefore, that the words have reference to some system by which the husbandmen sent their contributions of corn to the army direct. But why should it fall on them to maintain an army in this way, except because the State or Government is too poor to do so? Assuming then that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貧</span> ought to stand first in the sentence in order to balance <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">近</span> (the fact that the two words rhyme is significant), and thus getting rid of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國之</span>, we are still left with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">於師</span>, which latter word seems to me an obvious mistake for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國</span>. “Poverty in the army” is an unlikely expression, especially as the general has just been warned not to encumber his army with a large quantity of supplies. If we suppose that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師</span> somehow got written here instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國</span> (a very simple supposition, as we have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">近於師</span> in the next sentence), and that later on somebody, scenting a mistake, prefixed the gloss <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國之</span> to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貧</span>, without however erasing <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">於師</span>, the whole muddle may be explained. My emended text then would be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貧於國者</span>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-208" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-209" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">近</span>, that is, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> says, before the army has left its own territory. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> understands it of an army that has already crossed the frontier. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop drops the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">於</span>, reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">近師者</span>, but even so it is impossible to justify his translation “Repeated wars cause high prices.” <a href="#noteref-209" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-210" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> Mencius <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 2 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIV</span> 2, where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘民</span> has the same meaning as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘役</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘</span> was an ancient measure of land. The full table, as given in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司馬法</span>, may not be out of place here: 6 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尺</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">步</span>; 100 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">步</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畝</span>; 100 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畝</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫</span>; 3 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">屋</span>; 3 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">屋</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span>; 4 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">邑</span>; 4 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">邑</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘</span>; 4 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘</span> = 1 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">甸</span>. According to the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, there were nine husbandmen to a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span>, which would assign to each man the goodly allowance of 100 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畝</span> (of which 6.6 now go to an acre). What the values of these measures were in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> time is not known with any certainty. The lineal <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尺</span>, however, is supposed to have been about 20 <abbr class="eoc">cm.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">急</span> may include levies of men, as well as other exactions. <a href="#noteref-210" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-211" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">財殫</span>. I would propose the emended reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">力屈則中</span>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> In view of the fact that we have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">財竭</span> in the two preceding paragraphs, it seems probable that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">財</span> is a scribe’s mistake for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">則</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">殫</span> having been added afterwards to make sense. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">中原內虛於家</span>, literally: “Within the middle plains there is emptiness in the homes.” For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">中原</span> <abbr>cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Ching</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> 3 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> 3 and <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> 5 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> 3 With regard to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">十去其七</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">家業十耗其七也</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民費大半矣</span>; that is, the people are mulcted not of ³⁄₁₀, but of ⁷⁄₁₀, of their income. But this is hardly to be extracted from our text. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> has a characteristic tag: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國以民為本民以食為天居人上者宜平重惜</span> “The <em>people</em> being regarded as the essential part of the State, and <em>food</em> as the people’s heaven, is it not right that those in authority should value and be careful of both?” <a href="#noteref-211" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
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<li id="note-212" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has several various readings here, the more important of which are <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疲</span> for the less common <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">罷</span> (read <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pʽi</i>), <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">干</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔽</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵牛</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘牛</span>, which latter, if right, must mean “oxen from the country districts” (<abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-2-p-12">supra</a>, “When their substance is drained …”). For the meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">櫓</span>, see <a href="#note-225">note 225</a>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits to translate <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丘牛大車</span>. <a href="#noteref-212" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-213" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Because twenty cartloads will be consumed in the process of transporting one cartload to the front. According to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鍾</span> = 6 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">斛</span> 4 㪷, or 64 㪷, but according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span>, 10 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">斛</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鍾</span>. The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">石</span> picul consisted of 70 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">斤</span> catties (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and others say 120). <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">𦮼秆</span>, literally, “beanstalks and straw.” <a href="#noteref-213" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-214" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>These are two difficult sentences, which I have translated in accordance with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> paraphrase. We may incontinently reject <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s extraordinary translation of the first: “Wantonly to kill and destroy the enemy must be forbidden.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> quotes a jingle current in his day: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍無財士不來軍無士不往</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “Rewards are necessary in order to make the soldiers see the advantage of beating the enemy; thus, when you capture spoils from the enemy, they must be used as rewards, so that all your men may have a keen desire to fight, each on his own account.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span> as the direct object of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">取</span>, which is not so good. <a href="#noteref-214" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-215" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthop’s rendering is: “They who are the first to lay their hands on more than ten of the enemy’s chariots, should be encouraged.” We should have expected the gallant captain to see that such Samson-like prowess deserved something more substantial than mere encouragement. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故</span>, and has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以上</span> in place of the more archaic <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">已上</span>. <a href="#noteref-215" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-216" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> remarks: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵不可玩武不可黷</span> “Soldiers are not to be used as playthings. War is not a thing to be trifled with.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> here reiterates the main lesson which this chapter is intended to enforce. <a href="#noteref-216" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-217" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In the original text, there is a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">生</span> before the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民</span>. <a href="#noteref-217" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-218" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>A <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span> “army corps,” according to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</span>, consisted nominally of 12500 men; according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">旅</span> contained 500 men, a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卒</span> any number between 100 and 500, and a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伍</span> any number between 5 and 100. For the last two, however, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> gives the exact figures of 100 and 5 respectively.</p>
|
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<p>From corrigenda: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">全軍</span>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> The more I think about it, the more I prefer the rendering suggested in <a href="#note-722">note 722</a>. <a href="#noteref-218" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-219" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Here again, no modern strategist but will approve the words of the old Chinese general. Moltke’s greatest triumph, the capitulation of the huge French army at Sedan, was won practically without bloodshed. <a href="#noteref-219" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-220" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">I.e.</abbr>, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> says (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伐其始謀也</span>), in their very inception. Perhaps the word “baulk” falls short of expressing the full force of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伐</span>, which implies not an attitude of defence, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy’s stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counterattack. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> puts this very clearly in his note: “When the enemy has made a plan of attack against us, we must anticipate him by delivering our own attack first.” <a href="#noteref-220" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-221" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Isolating him from his allies. We must not forget that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous states or principalities into which the China of his day was split up. <a href="#noteref-221" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
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<li id="note-222" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>When he is already in full strength. <a href="#noteref-222" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-223" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The use of the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">政</span> is somewhat unusual, which may account for the reading of the modern text: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其下攻城</span>. <a href="#noteref-223" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-224" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Another sound piece of military theory. Had the Boers acted upon it in 1899, and refrained from dissipating their strength before Kimberley, Mafeking, or even Ladysmith, it is more than probable that they would have been masters of the situation before the British were ready seriously to oppose them. <a href="#noteref-224" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-225" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>It is not quite clear what <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">櫓</span> were. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> simply defines them as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大楯</span> “large shields,” but we get a better idea of them from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, who says they were to protect the heads of those who were assaulting the city walls at close quarters. This seems to suggest a sort of Roman testudo, ready made. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says they were “what are now termed <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">彭排</span>” (wheeled vehicles used in repelling attacks, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</span>), but this is denied by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span>. See <a href="#chapter-2-p-13">supra, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span></a> (“… spears and shields …”). The name is also applied to turrets on city walls. Of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">轒轀</span> (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">fên yün</i>) we get a fairly clear description from several commentators. They were wooden missile-proof structures on four wheels, propelled from within, covered over with raw hides, and used in seiges to convey parties of men to and from the walls, for the purpose of filling up the encircling moat with earth. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> adds that they are now called <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">木驢</span> “wooden donkeys.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop wrongly translates the term, “battering-rams.” I follow <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> in taking <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">具</span> as a verb, coordinate and synonymous with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修</span>. Those commentators who regard <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修</span> as an adjective equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">長</span> “long,” make <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">具</span> presumably into a noun. <a href="#noteref-225" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-226" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">距闉</span> (or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">堙</span>, in the modern text) were great mounds or ramparts of earth heaped up to the level of the enemy’s walls in order to discover the weak parts in the defence, and also to destroy the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">樓櫓</span> fortified turrets mentioned in the preceding note. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> quotes the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楚司馬子反乘堙而窺宋城也</span>. <a href="#noteref-226" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-227" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop unaccountably omits this vivid simile, which, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says, is taken from the spectacle of an army of ants climbing a wall. The meaning is that the general, losing patience at the long delay, may make a premature attempt to storm the place before his engines of war are ready. <a href="#noteref-227" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-228" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>We are reminded of the terrible losses of the Japanese before Port Arthur, in the most recent siege which history has to record. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不勝心之忿</span> … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">則殺士卒</span> … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">攻城之災</span>. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其忿</span> the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">心怒</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop does not translate <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">而城不拔者</span>, and mistranslates <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此攻之災</span>. <a href="#noteref-228" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-229" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> notes that he only overthrows the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國</span>, that is, the Government, but does no harm to individuals. The classical instance is <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Wang</span>, who after having put an end to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> dynasty was acclaimed “Father and mother of the people.” <a href="#noteref-229" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-230" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Owing to the double meanings of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">頓</span> (= <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鈍</span>) and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span>, the latter part of the sentence is susceptible of quite a different meaning: “And thus, the weapon not being blunted by use, its keenness remains perfect.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span> is “the advantage of a prosperous kingdom and a strong army.” <a href="#noteref-230" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-231" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Straightaway, without waiting for any further advantage. <a href="#noteref-231" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-232" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Note that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> does not refer to the enemy, as in the two preceding clauses. This sudden change of object is quite common in Chinese. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> takes exception to the saying; and at first sight, indeed, it appears to violate a fundamental principle of war. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, however, gives a clue to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> meaning: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以二敵一則一術為正一術為奇</span> “Being two to the enemy’s one, we may use one part of our army in the regular way, and the other for some special diversion.” (For explanation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span>, see <a href="#note-275">note 275</a>.) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> thus further elucidates the point: “If our force is twice as numerous as that of the enemy, it should be split up into two divisions, one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack, he may be crushed from behind; if to the rearward attack, he may be crushed in front. This is what is meant by saying that ‘one part may be used in the regular way, and the other for some special diversion.’ <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> does not understand that dividing one’s army is simply an irregular, just as concentrating it is the regular, strategical method, and he is too hasty in calling this a mistake.” <a href="#noteref-232" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-233" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, followed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>, gives the following paraphrase: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主客力敵惟善者戰</span> “If attackers and attacked are equally matched in strength, only the able general will fight.” He thus takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">能</span> as though it were <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">能者</span>, which is awkward. <a href="#noteref-233" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-234" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">守</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">逃</span>, which is hardly distinguishable in sense from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">避</span> in the next clause. The meaning, “we can <em>watch</em> the enemy,” is certainly a great improvement on the above; but unfortunately there appears to be no very good authority for the variant. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> reminds us that the saying only applies if the other factors are equal; a small difference in numbers is often more than counterbalanced by superior energy and discipline. <a href="#noteref-234" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-235" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>In other words: “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">C’est magnifique; mais ce n’est pas la guerre.</i>” <a href="#noteref-235" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-236" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隙</span> cannot be restricted to anything so particular as in <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s translation, “divided in his allegiance.” It is simply keeping up the metaphor suggested by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">周</span>. As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> tersely puts it: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隙缺也將才不備兵必弱</span> “<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</i>, gap, indicates deficiency; if the general’s ability is not perfect (<abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> if he is not thoroughly versed in his profession), his army will lack strength.” <a href="#noteref-236" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-237" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> weakly defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">縻</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">御</span> “control,” “direct.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-3-p-22">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a> (“He will win who has military capacity …”). But in reality it is one of those graphic metaphors which from time to time illuminate <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> work, and is rightfully explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> as = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絆</span>. He adds the comment: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">如絆驥足無馳驟也</span>. “It is like tying together the legs of a thoroughbred, so that it is unable to gallop.” One would naturally think of “the ruler” in this passage as being at home, and trying to direct the movements of his army from a distance. But the commentators understand just the reverse, and quote the saying of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">國不可以從外治軍不可以從中御</span> “A kingdom should not be governed from without, an army should not be directed from within.” Of course it is true that, during an engagement, or when in close touch with the enemy, the general should not be in the thick of his own troops, but a little distance apart. Otherwise, he will be liable to misjudge the position as a whole, and give wrong orders. <a href="#noteref-237" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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||
<li id="note-238" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> note is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍容不入國國容不入軍禮不可以治兵也</span>, which may be freely translated: “The military sphere and the civil sphere are wholly distinct; you can’t handle an army in kid gloves.” And <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “Humanity and justice (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁義</span>) are the principles on which to govern a state, but not an army; opportunism and flexibility (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">權變</span>), on the other hand, are military rather than civic virtues.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">同三軍之政</span>, “to assimilate the governing of the army”—to that of a State, understood. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">欲</span> inserted before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">同</span>, here and in the next paragraph. <a href="#noteref-238" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-239" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>That is, he is not careful to use the right man in the right place. <a href="#noteref-239" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-240" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I follow <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> here. The other commentators make <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不知</span> <abbr>etc.</abbr> refer, not to the ruler, as in the previous <a href="#chapter-3-p-13">two ways</a> (“By commanding the army …” and “By attempting to govern …”), but to the officers he employs. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將若不知權變不可付以勢位</span> “If a general is ignorant of the principle of adaptability, he must not be entrusted with a position of authority.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> quotes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">黃石公</span>: “The skilful employer of men will emply the wise man, the brave man, the covetous man, and the stupid man. For the wise man delights in establishing his merit, the brave man likes to show his courage in action, the covetous man is quick at seizing advantages, and the stupid man has no fear of death.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍覆疑</span>, which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> explains as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">覆敗</span> “is utterly defeated.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop gives a very inaccurate rendering: “Ignorant of the situation of the army, to interfere in its dispositions.” <a href="#noteref-240" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-241" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Most of the commentators take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">引</span> in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奪</span>, which it seems to bear also in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chi</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">玉藻</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> 18. (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卻</span> is there given as its equivalent, but Legge tries notwithstanding to retain the more usual sense, translating “draw … back,” which is hardly defensible.) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, however, think <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">引勝</span> means “leading up to the <em>enemy’s</em> victory.” <a href="#noteref-241" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-242" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “If he can fight, he advances and takes the offensive; if he cannot fight, he retreats and remains on the defensive. He will invariably conquer who knows whether it is right to take the offensive or the defensive.” <a href="#noteref-242" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-243" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This is not merely the general’s ability to estimate numbers correctly, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and others make out. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> expounds the saying more satisfactorily: “By applying the art of war, it is possible with a lesser force to defeat a greater, and vice versa. The secret lies in an eye for locality, and in not letting the right moment slip. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span> says: ‘With a superior force, make for easy ground; with an inferior one, make for difficult ground.’ ” <a href="#noteref-243" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-244" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> refers <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">上下</span> less well to sovereign and subjects. <a href="#noteref-244" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-245" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> quotes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王子</span> as saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">指授在君決戰在將也</span> “It is the sovereign’s function to give broad instructions, but to decide on battle is the function of the general.” It is needless to dilate on the military disasters which have been caused by undue interference with operations in the field on the part of the home government. Napoleon undoubtedly owed much of his extraordinary success to the fact that he was not hampered by any central authority—that he was, in fact, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">君</span> in one. <a href="#noteref-245" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-246" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Literally, “These five things are knowledge of the principle of victory.” <a href="#noteref-246" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-247" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> cites the case of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">苻堅</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Chien</span>, prince of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">秦</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>, who in 383 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> marched with a vast army against the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span> Emperor. When warned not to despise an enemy who could command the services of such men as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謝安</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsieh An</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">桓沖</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan Chʽung</span>, he boastfully replied: “I have the population of eight provinces at my back, infantry and horsemen to the number of one million; why, they could dam up the Yangtsze River itself by merely throwing their whips into the stream. What danger have I to fear?” Nevertheless, his forces were soon after disastrously routed at the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">淝</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fei</span> River, and he was obliged to beat a hasty retreat. <a href="#noteref-247" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-248" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The modern text, represented by the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">北堂書鈔</span> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必敗</span>, which I should be inclined to adopt in preference to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">殆</span> here, though the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> both have the latter. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> offers the best commentary on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知彼知己</span>. He says that these words “have reference to attack and defence: knowing the enemy enables you to take the offensive, knowing yourself enables you to stand on the defensive.” He adds: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">攻是守之機守是攻之策</span> “Attack is the secret of defence; defence is the planning of an attack.” It would be hard to find a better epitome of the root-principle of war. <a href="#noteref-248" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-249" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> is a very comprehensive and somewhat vague term. Literally, “form,” “body,” it comes to mean “appearance,” “attitude” or “disposition;” and here it is best taken as something between, or perhaps combining, “tactics” and “disposition of troops.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> explains it as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍之形也</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我動彼應兩敵相察情也</span> “marching and countermarching on the part of the two armies with a view to discovering each other’s condition.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “It is through the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> dispositions of an army that its condition may be discovered. Conceal your dispositions (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無形</span>), and your condition will remain secret, which leads to victory; show your dispositions, and your condition will become patent, which leads to defeat.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> remarks that the good general can <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變化其形因敵以制勝</span> “secure success by modifying his tactics to meet those of the enemy.” In the modern text, the title of the chapter appears as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍形</span>, which <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop incorrectly translates “the order of battle.” <a href="#noteref-249" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-250" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>That is, of course, by a mistake on his part. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop has: “The causes of defeat come from within; victory is born in the enemy’s camp,” which, though certainly an improvement on his previous attempt, is still incorrect. <a href="#noteref-250" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-251" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>“By concealing the disposition of his troops, covering up his tracks, and taking unremitting precautions” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>). <a href="#noteref-251" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-252" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The original text reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">使敵之可勝</span>, which the modern text has further modified into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">使敵之必可勝</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop makes out the impossible meaning, “and further render the enemy incapable of victory.” <a href="#noteref-252" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-253" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates: “The conditions necessary for victory may be present, but they cannot always be obtained,” which is more or less unintelligible. <a href="#noteref-253" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-254" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可勝</span> I retain the sense which it undoubtedly bears at the <a href="#chapter-4-p-1">beginning of the chapter</a> (“<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> said …” through “Thus the good fighter …”), in spite of the fact that the commentators are all against me. The meaning they give, “He who cannot conquer takes the defensive,” is plausible enough, but it is highly improbable that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝</span> should suddenly become active in this way. An incorrect variant in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可勝則守可勝則攻</span>. <a href="#noteref-254" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-255" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Literally, “hides under the ninth earth,” which is a metaphor indicating the utmost secrecy and concealment, so that the enemy may not know his whereabouts. The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地</span> of this passage have of course no connection with the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地</span> “Nine situations” of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> <a href="#noteref-255" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-256" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Another metaphor, implying that he falls on his adversary like a thunderbolt, against which there is no time to prepare. This is the opinion of most of the commentators, though <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, followed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地</span> as the hills, rivers, and other natural features which will afford shelter or protection to the attacked, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天</span> as the phases of weather which may be turned to account by the attacking party. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “The skilful in attack push to the topmost heaven” conveys no meaning at all. <a href="#noteref-256" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-257" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop draws on a fertile imagination for the following: “If these precepts be observed, victory is certain.” <a href="#noteref-257" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-258" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> remarks, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">當見未萌</span> “the thing is to see the plant before it has germinated,” to foresee the event before the action has begun. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> alludes to the story of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> who, when about to attack the vastly superior army of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趙</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span>, which was strongly entrenched in the city of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">成安</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽêng-an</span>, said to his officers: “Gentlemen, we are going to annihilate the enemy, and shall meet again at dinner.” The officers hardly took his words seriously, and gave a very dubious assent. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> had already worked out in his mind the details of a clever stratagem, whereby, as he foresaw, he was able to capture the city and inflict a crushing defeat on his adversary. For the full story, see <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">前漢書</span>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 34, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">韓信傳</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop again blunders badly with: “A victory, even if popularly proclaimed as such by the common folk, may not be a true success.” <a href="#noteref-258" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-259" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>True excellence being, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陰謀潛運攻心伐謀勝敵之日曾不血刃</span> “To plan secretly, to move surreptitiously, to foil the enemy’s intentions and baulk his schemes, so that at last the day may be won without shedding a drop of blood.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> reserves his approbation for things that</p>
|
||
<blockquote epub:type="z3998:verse">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span class="i1">the world’s coarse thumb</span>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<span>And finger fail to plumb.</span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="#noteref-259" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-260" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">秋毫</span> is explained as the fur of a hare, which is finest in autumn, when it begins to grow afresh. The phrase is a very common one in Chinese writers. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> Mencius, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 10, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuang Tzǔ</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知北游</span>, <abbr class="eoc">et. al.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-260" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-261" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> gives as real instances of strength, sharp sight and quick hearing: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">烏獲</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Huo</span>, who chould lift a tripod weighing 250 stone; <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">離朱</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chu</span>, who at a distance of a hundred paces could see objects no bigger than a mustard seed; and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師曠</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Kʽuang</span>, a blind musician who could hear the footsteps of a mosquito. <a href="#noteref-261" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-262" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The original text, followed by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝於易勝者也</span>. But this is an alteration evidently intended to smooth the awkwardness of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝勝易勝者也</span>, which means literally: “one who, conquering, excels in easy conquering.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: “He who only sees the obvious, wins his battles with difficulty; he who looks below the surface of things, wins with ease.” <a href="#noteref-262" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-263" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> explains this very well: “Inasmuch as his victories are gained over circumstances that have not come to light, the world at large knows nothing of them, and he wins no reputation for wisdom; inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there has been any bloodshed, he receives no credit for courage.” <a href="#noteref-263" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-264" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> says: “He plans no superfluous marches, he devises no futile attacks.” The connection of ideas is thus explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>: “One who seeks to conquer by sheer strength, clever though he may be at winning pitched battles, is also liable on occasion to be vanquished; whereas he who can look into the future and discern conditions that are not yet manifest, will never make a blunder and therefore invariably win.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> thinks that the character <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">忒</span> should be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貳</span> “to have doubts.” But it is better not to tamper with the text, especially when no improvement in sense is the result. <a href="#noteref-264" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-265" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">措</span> is here = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">置</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> says it is put for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">錯</span> in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">雜</span>; but this is far-fetched. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop altogether ignores the important word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">忒</span>. <a href="#noteref-265" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-266" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>A <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可為之計</span> “counsel of perfection,” as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> truly observes. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地</span> need not be confined strictly to the actual ground occupied by the troops. It includes all the arrangements and preparations which a wise general will make to increase the safety of this army. <a href="#noteref-266" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-267" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> thus expounds the paradox: “In warfare, first lay plans which will ensure victory, and then lead your army to battle; if you will not begin with stratagem but rely on brute strength alone, victory will no longer be assured.” <a href="#noteref-267" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-268" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">道</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">法</span>, see <a href="#chapter-1-p-4">supra, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a> (“These are: (1) The Moral Law …” <abbr class="eoc">sqq.</abbr>) I think that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> is wrong in altering their signification here, and taking them as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">為戰之道</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">制敵之法</span> respectively. <a href="#noteref-268" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-269" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>It is not easy to distinguish the four terms <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">度量數稱</span> very clearly. The first seems to be surveying and measurement of the ground, which enable us to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">量</span> form an estimate of the enemy’s strength, and to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">數</span> make calculations based on the data thus obtained; we are thus led to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">稱</span> a general weighing-up, or comparison of the enemy’s chances with our own; if the latter turn the scale, then <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝</span> victory ensues. The chief difficulty lies in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">數</span>, which some commentators take as a calculation of <em>numbers</em>, thereby making it mearly synonymous with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">量</span>. Perhaps <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">量</span> is rather a consideration of the enemy’s general position or condition (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">情</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形勢</span>), while <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">數</span> is the estimate of his numerical strength. On the other hand, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">數</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">機數</span>, and adds: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">强弱已定然後能用機變數也</span> “the question of relative strength having been settled, we can bring the varied resources of cunning into play.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> seconds this interpretation, which is weakened, however, by the fact that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">稱</span> is given as logically consequent on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">數</span>; this certainly points to the latter being a calculation of numbers. Of <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s version the less said the better. <a href="#noteref-269" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-270" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “a victorious army is like an <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鎰</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">i</i> (20 <abbr>oz.</abbr>) weighed against a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">銖</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shu</i> (¹⁄₂₄ <abbr>oz.</abbr>); a routed army as a <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shu</i> weighed against an <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">i</i>.” The point is simply the enormous advantage which a disciplined force, flushed with victory, has over one demoralised by defeat. Legge, in his note on Mencius, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> 2 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> 2, makes the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鎰</span> to be 24 Chinese ounces, and corrects <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu Hsi’s</span> statement that it equalled 20 <abbr class="eoc">oz.</abbr> only. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> dynasty here gives the same figure as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu Hsi</span>. <a href="#noteref-270" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-271" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The construction here is slightly awkward and elliptical, but the general sense is plain. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民也</span>. A <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仞</span> = 8 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尺</span> or Chinese feet. <a href="#noteref-271" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-272" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">埶</span> here is said to be an older form of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勢</span>; <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, however, would seem to have used the former in the sense of “power,” and the latter only in the sense of “circumstances.” The fuller title <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵勢</span> is found in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> and the modern text. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> expands it into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">積勢之變</span> “the application, in various ways, of accumulated power;” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵勢以成然後仼勢以取勝</span> “When the soldiers’ energy has reached its height, it may be used to secure victory.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-10-p-12" epub:type="z3998:roman">X</a> (“If you are situated at a great distance …”), where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勢</span> is translated “strength,” though it might also be “conditions.” The three words <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">執</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">埶</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勢</span> have been much confused. It appears from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shuo Wên</i> that the last character is post-classical, so that Sun Tzǔ must have used either or in all senses. <a href="#noteref-272" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-273" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>That is, cutting up the army into regiments, companies, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, with subordinate officers in command of each. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> reminds us of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin’s</span> famous reply to the first <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> Emperor, who once said to him: “How large an army do you think I could lead?” “Not more than 100,000 men, your Majesty.” “And you?” asked the Emperor. “Oh!” he answered, “the more the better” (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">多多益辦耳</span>). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> gives the following curious table of the subdivisions of an army:—5 men make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">列</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">列</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">火</span>; 5 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">火</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隊</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隊</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">官</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">官</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">部</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">部</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">校</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">校</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">裨</span>; 2 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">裨</span> make a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span>. A <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span> or army corps thus works out at 3200 men. But <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#note-218">note 218</a>. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲</span>, see <a href="#note-175">note 175</a>. It is possible that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">官</span> in that paragraph may also be used in the above technical sense. <a href="#noteref-273" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-274" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>One must be careful to avoid translating <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬥衆</span> “fighting <em>against</em> a large number,” no reference to the enemy being intended. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> as denoting flags and banners, by means of which every soldier may recognise his own particular regiment or company, and thus confusion may be prevented. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">名</span> he explains as drums and gongs, which from the earliest times were used to sound the advance and the retreat respectively. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陳形</span> “marshalling the troops in order,” and takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">名</span> as the flags and banners. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> also dissents from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, referring <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> to the ordering of the troops by means of banners, drums and gongs, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">名</span> to the various names by which the regiments might be distinguised. There is much to be said for this view. <a href="#noteref-274" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-275" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必</span>, there is another reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畢</span>, “all together,” adopted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>. We now come to one of the most interesting parts of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> treatise, the discussion of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span> and the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span>. As it is by no means easy to grasp the full significance of these two terms, or to render them at all consistently by good English equivalents, it may be as well to tabulate some of the commentators’ remarks on the subject before proceeding further. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">當敵為正傍出為奇</span> “Facing the enemy is <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>, making lateral diversions is <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i>.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">當敵以正陳取勝以奇兵</span> “In presence of the enemy, your troops should be arrayed in normal fashion, but in order to secure victory abnormal manoeuvres must be employed.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">動為奇靜為正靜以待之動以勝之</span> “<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</i> is active, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i> is passive; passivity means waiting for an opportunity, activity brings the victory itself.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我之正使敵視之為奇我之奇使敵視之為正正亦為奇奇亦為正</span> “We must cause the enemy to regard our straightforward attack as one that is secretly designed, and vice versa; thus <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i> may also be <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i>, and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i> may also be <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>.” He instances the famous exploit of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span>, who when marching ostensibly against <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">臨晉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lin-chin</span> (now <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">朝邑</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao-i</span> in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shensi</span>), suddenly threw a large force across the Yellow River in wooden tubs, utterly disconcerting his opponent. (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 34.) Here, we are told, the march on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lin-chin</span> was <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span>, and the surprise manoeuvre was <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> gives the following summary of opinions on the words: “Military writers do not all agree with regard to the meaning of <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尉繚子</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span> [4th cent. <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>] says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正兵貴先奇兵貴後</span> ‘Direct warfare favours frontal attacks, indirect warfare attacks from the rear.’ <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: ‘Going straight out to join battle is a direct operation; appearing on the enemy’s rear is an indirect manoeuvre.’ <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李衛公</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Wei-kung</span> [6th and 7th <abbr>cent.</abbr> <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>] says: ‘In war, to march straight ahead is <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>; turning movements, on the other hand, are <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i>.’ These writers simply regard <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i> as <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>, and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i> as <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i>; they do not note that the two are mutually interchangeable and run into each other like the two sides of a circle [see <a href="#chapter-5-p-11">infra</a>, ‘The direct and the indirect lead on …’]. A comment of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Tsung</span> goes to the root of the matter: ‘A <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i> manoeuvre may be <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>, if we make the enemy look upon it as <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>; then our real attack will be <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chʽi</i>, and vice versa. The whole secret lies in confusing the enemy, so that he cannot fathom our real intent.’ ” To put it perhaps a little more clearly: any attack or other operation is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span>, on which the enemy has had his attention fixed; whereas that is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span>, which takes him by surprise or comes from an unexpected quarter. If the enemy perceives a movement which is meant to be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span>, it immediately becomes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span>. <a href="#noteref-275" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-276" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">虛實</span>, literally “the hollow and the solid,” is the title of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">碫</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">tuan</i> is the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reading, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">碬</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">hsia</i> that of the standard text. It appears from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</span> that there has been much confusion between the two characters, and indeed, it is probable that one of them has really crept into the language as a mistake for the other. <a href="#noteref-276" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-277" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">徐發奇或擣其旁或擊其後</span> “Steadily develop indirect tactics, either by pounding the enemy’s flanks or falling on his rear.” A brilliant example of “indirect tactics” which decided the fortunes of a campaign was Lord Roberts’ night march round the Peiwar Kotal in the second Afghan war.<a href="#note-775" id="noteref-775" epub:type="noteref">775</a> <a href="#noteref-277" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-278" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span> is the universally accepted emendation for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵</span>, the reading of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">北堂書鈔</span>. <a href="#noteref-278" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-279" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> understand this of the permutations of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span>. But at present <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is not speaking of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span> at all, unless, indeed, we suppose with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭友賢</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien</span> that a clause relating to it has fallen out of the text. Of course, as has already been pointed out, the two are so inextricably interwoven in all military operations, that they cannot really be considered apart. Here we simply have an expression, in figurative language, of the almost infinite resource of a great leader. <a href="#noteref-279" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-280" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>
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<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宮商角微羽</span>
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<a href="#noteref-280" epub:type="backlink">↩</a>
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</p>
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<li id="note-281" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">靑黃赤白黑</span> blue, yellow, red, white, and black. <a href="#noteref-281" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-282" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">酸辛醎甘苦</span> sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter. <a href="#noteref-282" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-283" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> adds <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">哉</span>. The final <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> may refer either to the circle or, more probably, to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奇正之變</span> understood. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is wrong with: “They are a mystery that none can penetrate.” <a href="#noteref-283" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-284" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疾</span> the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">擊</span>, which is also supported by a quotation in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂氏春秋</span> (3rd cent. <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>). <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">節</span> in this context is a word which really defies the best efforts of the translator. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says that it is equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">節量遠近</span> “the measurement of estimation of distance.” But this meaning does not quite fit the illustrative simile <a href="#chapter-5-p-15">below</a> (“Energy may be likened …”). As applied to the falcon, it seems to me to denote that instinct of <em>self-restraint</em> which keeps the bird from swooping on its quarry until the right moment, together with the power of judging when the right moment has arrived. The analogous quality in soldiers is the highly important one of being able to reserve their fire until the very instant at which it will be most effective. When the <i epub:type="se:name.vessel.ship">Victory</i> went into action at Trafalgar at hardly more than drifting pace, she was for several minutes exposed to a storm of shot and shell before replying with a single gun. Nelson coolly waited until he was within close range, when the broadside he brought to bear worked fearful havoc on the enemy’s nearest ships. That was a case of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">節</span>. <a href="#noteref-284" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-285" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">節</span> here by the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">斷</span>, which is very like “decision” in English. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">短</span> is certainly used in a very unusual sense, even if, as the commentators, it = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">近</span>. This would have reference to the measurement of distance mentioned above, letting the enemy get near before striking. But I cannot help thinking that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> meant to use the word in a figurative sense comparable to our own idiom “short and sharp.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi’s</span> note, which after describing the falcon’s mode of attack, proceeds: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵之乘當如是耳</span> “This is just how the ‘psychological moment’ should be seized in war.” I do not care for <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s rendering: “The spirit of the good fighter is terrifying, his occasions sudden.” <a href="#noteref-285" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-286" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“Energy” seems to be the best equivalent here for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">埶</span>, because the comparison implies that the force is potential, being stored up in the bent crossbow until released by the finger on the trigger. None of the commentators seem to grasp the real point of the simile. <a href="#noteref-286" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-287" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形圓</span>, literally “formation circular,” is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無向背也</span> “without back or front.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: “The subdivisions of the army having been previously fixed, and the various signals agreed upon, the separating and joining, the dispersing and collecting which will take place in the course of a battle, may give the appearance of disorder when no real disorder is possible. Your formation may be without head or tail, your dispositions all topsy-turvy, and yet a rout of your forces quite out of the question.” It is a little difficult to decide whether <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬥亂</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形圓</span> should not be taken as imperatives: “fight in disorder (for the purpose of deceiving the enemy), and you will be secure against real disorder.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-1-p-25" epub:type="z3998:roman">I</a><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">: 亂而取之</span>. (“Hold out baits …”) <a href="#noteref-287" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-288" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In order to make the translation intelligible, it is necessary to tone down the sharply paradoxical form of the original. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> throws out a hint of the meaning in his brief note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皆毁形匿情也</span> “These things all serve to destroy formation and conceal one’s condition.” But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> is the first to put it quite plainly: “If you wish to feign confusion in order to lure the enemy on, you must first have perfect discipline; if you with to display timidity in order to entrap the enemy, you must have extreme courage; if you wish to parade your weakness in order to make the enemy overconfident, you must have exceeding strength.” <a href="#noteref-288" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-289" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>See <a href="#chapter-5-p-1">supra</a>. (“The control of a large force …”) <a href="#noteref-289" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-290" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>It is passing strange that the commentators should understand <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">埶</span> here as “circumstances”—a totally different sense from that which it has previously borne in this chapter. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">見有利之勢而不動敵人以我為實怯也</span> “seeing that we are favourably circumstanced and yet make no move, the enemy will believe that we are really afraid.” <a href="#noteref-290" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-291" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> relates the following anecdote of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao Tsu</span>, the first <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> Emperor: “Wishing to crush the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span>, he sent out spies to report on their condition. But the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span>, forewarned, carefully concealed all their able-bodied men and well-fed horses, and only allowed infirm soldiers and emaciated cattle to be seen. The result was that the spies one and all recommended the Emperor to deliver his attack. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">婁敬</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lou Ching</span> alone opposed them, saying: ‘When two countries go to war, they are naturally inclined to make an ostentatious display of their strength. Yet our spies have seen nothing but old age and infirmity. This is surely some <em>ruse</em> on the part of the enemy, and it would be unwise for us to attack.’ The Emperor, however, disregarding this advice, fell into the trap and found himself surrounded at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">白登</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po-têng</span>.” <a href="#noteref-291" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-292" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> note is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">見羸形也</span> “Make a display of weakness and want,” but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> rightly points out that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> does not refer only to weakness: “If our force happens to be superior to the enemy’s, weakness may be simulated in order to lure him on; but if inferior, he must be led to believe that we are strong, in order that he may keep off. In fact, all the enemy’s movements should be determined by the signs that we choose to give him.” The following anecdote of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫臏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span>, a descendant of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Wu</span>, is related at length in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">史記</span>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 65: In 341 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">齊</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> State being at war with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span>, sent <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">田忌</span> Tʽien Chi and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span> against the general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">龐涓</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽang Chüan</span>, who happened to be a deadly personal enemy of the latter. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span> said: “The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> State has a reputation for cowardice, and therefore our adversary despises us. Let us turn this circumstance to account.” Accordingly, when the army had crossed the border into <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> territory, he gave orders to show 100,000 fires on the first night, 50,000 on the next, and the night after only 20,000. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽang Chüan</span> pursued them hotly, saying to himself: “I knew these men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> were cowards: their numbers have already fallen away by more than half.” In his retreat, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Pin</span> came to a narrow defile, which he calculated that his pursuers would reach after dark. Here he had a tree stripped of its bark, and inscribed upon it the words: “Under this tree shall <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽang Chüan</span> die.” Then, as night began to fall, he placed a strong body of archers in ambush near by, with orders to shoot directly they saw a light. Later on, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽang Chüan</span> arrived at the spot, and noticing the tree, struck a light in order to read what was written on it. His body was immediately riddled by a volley of arrows, and his whole army thrown into confusion. (The above is <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> version of the story; the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, less dramatically but probably with more historical truth, makes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽang Chüan</span> cut his own throat with an exclamation of despair, after the rout of his army.) <a href="#noteref-292" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-293" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">予</span> here = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">與</span>. <a href="#noteref-293" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-294" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This would appear to be the meaning if we retain <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卒</span>, which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> explains as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">精卒</span> “men of spirit.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">本</span>, an emendation suggested by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李靖</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span>. The meaning then would be, “He lies in wait with the main body of his troops.” <a href="#noteref-294" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-295" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “He first of all considers the power of his army in the bulk; afterwards he takes individual talent into account, and uses each man according to his capabilities. He does not demand perfection from the untalented.” <a href="#noteref-295" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-296" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Another reading has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">埶</span>. It would be interesting if <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop could tell us where the following occurs in the Chinese: “yet, when an opening or advantage shows, he pushes it to its limits.” <a href="#noteref-296" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-297" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> calls this <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">任自然勢</span> “the use of natural or inherent power.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop ignores the last part of the sentence entirely. In its stead he has: “So await the opportunity, and so act when the opportunity arrives”—another absolutely gratuitous interpolation. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">任</span>. <a href="#noteref-297" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-298" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">善</span>. The chief lesson of this chapter, in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> opinion, is the paramount importance in war of rapid evolutions and sudden rushes. “Great results,” he adds, “can thus be achieved with small forces.” <a href="#noteref-298" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-299" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> attempts to explain the sequence of chapters as follows: “Chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>, on Tactical Dispositions, treated of the offensive and the defensive; chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>, on Energy, dealt with direct and indirect methods. He studies the art of varying and combining these two methods before proceeding to the subject of weak and strong points. For the use of direct or indirect methods arises out of attack and defence, and the perception of weak and strong points depends again on the above methods. Hence the present chapter comes immediately after the chapter on Energy.” <a href="#noteref-299" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-300" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">處</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has in both clauses the stronger word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">據</span>. For the antithesis between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">佚</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勞</span>, <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-1-p-28" epub:type="z3998:roman">I</a> (“If he is taking his ease …”), where however <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勞</span> is used as a verb. <a href="#noteref-300" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-301" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The next paragraph makes it clear that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">致</span> does not merely mean, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令敵來就我</span> “to make the enemy approach me,” but rather to make him go in any direction I please. It is thus practically synonymous with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">制</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> one of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> own notes on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>, quoted in <a href="#note-292">note 292</a>. One mark of a great soldier is that he fights on his own terms or fights not at all.<a href="#note-776" id="noteref-776" epub:type="noteref">776</a> <a href="#noteref-301" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-302" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In the first case, he will entice him with a bait; in the second, he will strike at some important point which the enemy will have to defend. <a href="#noteref-302" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-303" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This passage may be cited as evidence against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-Chʽên’s</span> interpretation of “If he is taking his ease …” in <a href="#chapter-1-p-28">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>. <a href="#noteref-303" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-304" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">飢</span> is probably an older form than <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">饑</span>, the reading of the original text. Both are given in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">說文</span>. <a href="#noteref-304" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-305" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The subject to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">能</span> is still <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">善戰者</span>; but these clauses would read better as direct admonitions, and in the next sentence we find <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> dropping insensibly into the imperative. <a href="#noteref-305" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-306" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text, adopted by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">出其所不趨</span>; it has been altered to suit the context and the commentaries of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>, who evidently read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必趨</span>. The other reading would mean: “Appear at points to which the enemy cannot hasten;” but in this case there is something awkward in the use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趨</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is wrong of course with “appearing where the enemy is not.” <a href="#noteref-306" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-307" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>We must beware of understanding <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無人之地</span> as “uninhabited country.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> habitually uses <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span> in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵</span>, <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">e.g.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-6-p-2">supra</a> (“Therefore the clever combatant …”). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> sums up very well: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">出空擊虛避其所守擊其不意</span> “Emerge from the void [<abbr>q.d.</abbr> like ‘a bolt from the blue’], strike at vulnerable points, shun places that are defended, attack in unexpected quarters.” The difference of meaning between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">空</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">虛</span> is worth noting. <a href="#noteref-307" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-308" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">所不守</span> is of course hyperbolical; <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> rightly explains it as “weak points; that is to say, where the general is lacking in capacity, or the soldiers in spirit; where the walls are not strong enough, or the precautions not strict enough; where relief comes too late, or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves.” <a href="#noteref-308" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-309" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">I.e.</abbr>, where there are none of the weak points mentioned above. There is rather a nice point involved in the interpretation of this latter clause. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> assume the meaning to be: “In order to make your defence quite safe, you must defend <em>even</em> those places that are not likely to be attacked;” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> adds: “How much more, then, those that will be attacked.” Taken thus, however, the clause balances less well with the preceding—always a consideration in the highly antithetical style which is natural to the Chinese. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, therefore, seems to come nearer the mark in saying: “He who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven [see <a href="#chapter-4-p-7">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span></a>, ‘The general who is skilled in defence …’], making it impossible for the enemy to guard against him. This being so, the places that I shall attack are precisely those that the enemy cannot defend … He who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of the earth, making it impossible for the enemy to estimate his whereabouts. This being so, the places that I shall hold are precisely those that the enemy cannot attack.” <a href="#noteref-309" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-310" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>An aphorism which puts the whole art of war into a nutshell. <a href="#noteref-310" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-311" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “without form or sound,” but it is said of course with reference to the enemy. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, whom I follow, draws no sharp distinction between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">微</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神</span>, but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and others think that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">微</span> indicates the secrecy to be observed on the defensive, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神</span> the rapidity to be displayed in attack. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> text differs considerably from ours, reading: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">微乎微乎故能隱於常形神乎神乎故能為敵司命</span>. <a href="#noteref-311" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-312" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故能為變化司命</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s version of this paragraph is so remarkable that I cannot refrain from quoting it in full: “Now the secrets of the art of offence are not to be easily apprehended, as a certain shape or noise can be understood, of the senses; but when these secrets are once learnt, the enemy is mastered.” <a href="#noteref-312" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-313" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The second member of the sentence is weak, because <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可及</span> is nearly tautologous with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可追</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遠</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">速</span>. <a href="#noteref-313" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-314" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “If the enemy is the invading party, we can cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he will have to return; if we are the invaders, we may direct our attack against the sovereign himself.” It is clear that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, unlike certain generals in the late Boer war, was no believer in frontal attacks. <a href="#noteref-314" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-315" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In order to preserve the parallelism with the previous paragraph, I should prefer to follow the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> text, which inserts <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">雖</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">畫地</span>. This extremely concise expression is intelligibly paraphrased by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">雖未修壘壍</span> “even though we have constructed neither wall nor ditch.” The real crux of the passage lies in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">乖其所之也</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> of course = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">至</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">乖</span> by the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戾</span>, which is perhaps a case of obscurum per obscurius. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, however, says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">設奇異而疑之</span> “we puzzle him by strange and unusual dispositions;” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> finally clinches the meaning by three illustrative anecdotes—one of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諸葛亮</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span>, who when occupying <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陽平</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yang-pʽing</span> and about to be attacked by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司馬懿</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span>, suddenly struck his colours, stopped the beating of the drums, and flung open the city gates, showing only a few men engaged in sweeping and sprinkling the ground. This unexpected proceeding had the intended effect; for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span>, suspecting an ambush, actually drew off his army and retreated. What <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is advocating here, therefore, is nothing more or less than the timely use of “bluff.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates: “and prevent the enemy from attacking by keeping him in suspense,” which shows that he has not fully grasped the meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">乖</span>. <a href="#noteref-315" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-316" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The conclusion is perhaps not very obvious, but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> (after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>) rightly explains it thus: “If the enemy’s dispositions are visible, we can make for him in one body; whereas, our own dispositions being kept secret, the enemy will be obliged to divide his forces in order to guard against attack from every quarter.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> is here used as an active verb: “to make to appear.” See <a href="#note-249"><span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span>, note 249</a>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “making feints” is quite wrong. <a href="#noteref-316" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-317" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以敵攻其一也</span>, which in accordance with the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> has been altered as above. I adopt the more plausible reading of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是以十攻其一也</span>, in spite of having to refer <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">十</span> to ourselves and not to the enemy. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> both regard <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">十</span> as the undivided force, consisting of so many parts, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">一</span> as each of the isolated fractions of the enemy. The alteration of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">攻</span> into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">共</span> can hardly be right, though the true text might conceivably have been <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是以十共攻其一也</span>. <a href="#noteref-317" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-318" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">擊</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, followed by the other commentators, arbitrarily defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">約</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">少而易勝</span> “few and easy to conquer,” but only succeeds thereby in making the sentence absolutely pointless. As for <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s translation: “In superiority of numbers there is economy of strength,” its meaning is probably known to himself alone. In justification of my own rendering of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">約</span>, I would refer to <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> 2 and <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 25 (3). <a href="#noteref-318" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-319" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Sheridan once explained the reason of General Grant’s victories by saying that “while his opponents were kept fully employed wondering what he was going to do, <em>he</em> was thinking most of what he was going to do himself.” <a href="#noteref-319" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-320" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In Frederick the Great’s <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Instructions to His Generals</i> we read: “A defensive war is apt to betray us into too frequent detachment. Those generals who have had but little experience attempt to protect every point, while those who are better acquainted with their profession, having only the capital object in view, guard against a decisive blow, and acquiesce in smaller misfortunes to avoid greater.” <a href="#noteref-320" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-321" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The highest generalship, in <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson’s words, is “to compel the enemy to disperse his army, and then to concentrate superior force against each fraction in turn.” <a href="#noteref-321" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-322" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>There is nothing about “defeating” anybody in this sentence, as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates. What <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> evidently has in mind is that nice calculation of distances and that masterly employment of strategy which enable a general to divide his army for the purpose of a long and rapid march, and afterwards to effect a junction at precisely the right spot and the right hour in order to confront the enemy in overwhelming strength. Among many such successful junctions which military history records, one of the most dramatic and decisive was the appearance of Blücher just at the critical moment on the field of Waterloo. <a href="#noteref-322" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-323" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The Chinese of this last sentence is a little lacking in precision, but the mental picture we are required to draw is probably that of an army advancing towards a given rendezvous in separate columns, each of which has orders to be there on a fixed date. If the general allows the various detachments to proceed at haphazard, without precise instructions as to the time and place of meeting, the enemy will be able to annihilate the army in detail. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü’s</span> note may be worth quoting here: “If we do not know the place where our opponents mean to concentrate or the day on which they will join battle, our unity will be forfeited through our preparations for defence, and the positions we hold will be insecure. Suddenly happening upon a powerful foe, we shall be brought to battle in a flurried condition, and no mutual support will be possible between wings, vanguard, or rear, especially if there is any great distance between the foremost and hindmost divisions of the army.” <a href="#noteref-323" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-324" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以吾度之</span>, and his translation of the remainder is flabby and inaccurate. As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> was in the service of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> State, it has been proposed to read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吾</span>—a wholly unnecessary tampering with the text. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> coincided roughly with the present province of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chehkiang</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> very strangely takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">越</span> not as the proper name, but in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">過</span> “to surpass.” No other commentator follows him. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝敗</span> belongs to the class of expressions like <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遠近</span> “distance,” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大小</span> “magnitude,” <abbr>etc.</abbr>, to which the Chinese have to resort in order to express abstract ideas of degree. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, however, omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敗</span>. <a href="#noteref-324" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-325" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Alas for these brave words! The long feud between the two states ended in 473 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> with the total defeat of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勾踐</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kou Chien</span> and its incorporation in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span>. This was doubtless long after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> death. With his present assertion compare <a href="#chapter-4-p-4">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span></a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝可知而不可為</span>, “Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer …” (which is the obviously mistaken reading of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> here). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> is the only one to point out the seeming discrepancy, which he thus goes on to explain: “In the chapter on Tactical Dispositions it is said, ‘One may <em>know</em> how to conquer without being able to <em>do</em> it,’ whereas here we have the statement that ‘victory can be achieved.’ The explanation is, that in the former chapter, where the offensive and defensive are under discussion, it is said if the enemy is fully prepared, one cannot make certain of beating him. But the present passage refers particularly to the soldiers of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh</span> who, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> calculations, will be kept in ignorance of the time and place of the impending struggle. That is why he says here that victory can be achieved.” <a href="#noteref-325" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-326" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop quite unwarrantably translates: “<em>If</em> the enemy be many in number, prevent him,” <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-326" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-327" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is the first of four similarly constructed sentences, all of which present decided difficulties. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知得失之計</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知其計之得失</span>. This is perhaps the best way of taking the words, though <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, referring <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計</span> to ourselves and not the enemy, offers the alternative of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我得彼失之計皆先知也</span> “Know beforehand all plans conducive to our success and to the enemy’s failure.” <a href="#noteref-327" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-328" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">作</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, and also <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan’s</span> text have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">候</span>, which the latter explains as “the observation of omens,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> simply as “watching and waiting.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">作</span> is defined by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">激作</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> tells us that by noting the joy or anger shown by the enemy on being thus distrubed, we shall be able to conclude whether his policy is to lie low or the reverse. He instances the action of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span>, who sent the scornful present of a woman’s headdress to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span>, in order to goad him out of his Fabian tactics. <a href="#noteref-328" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-329" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Two commentators, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形之</span> in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">示之</span> “put on specious appearances.” The former says: “You may either deceive the enemy by a show of weakness—striking your colours and silencing your drums; or by a show of strength—making a hollow display of campfires and regimental banners.” And the latter quotes <a href="#chapter-5-p-19">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a> (“Thus one who is skilful …”), where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形之</span> certainly seems to bear this sense. On the other hand, I would point to <a href="#chapter-6-p-13">earlier</a> in this chapter (“By discovering the enemy’s dispositions …”), where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> must with equal certainty be active. It is hard to choose between the two interpretations, but the context here agrees better, I think, with the one that I have adopted. Another difficulty arises over <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死生之地</span>, which most of the commentators, thinking no doubt of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死地</span> in <a href="#chapter-11-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a> (“The art of war recognizes …”), refer to the actual <em>ground</em> on which the enemy is encamped. The notes of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>, however, seem to favour my view. The same phrase has a somewhat different meaning in <a href="#chapter-1-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>. (“It is a matter of life and death …”) <a href="#noteref-329" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-330" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> is right, I think, in attributing this force to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">角</span>; <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> defines it simply as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">量</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop surpasses himself with the staggering translation “Flap the wings”! Can the Latin <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornu</i> (in its figurative sense) have been at the back of his mind? <a href="#noteref-330" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-331" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-4-p-6">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span></a>. (“Standing on the defensive …”) <a href="#noteref-331" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-332" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The piquancy of the paradox evaporates in translation. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無形</span> is perhaps not so much actual invisibility (see <a href="#chapter-6-p-9">supra</a>, “O divine art …”) as “showing no sign” of what you mean to do, of the plans that are formed in your brain. <a href="#noteref-332" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-333" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">深閒</span> is expanded by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">雖有閒者深來窺我</span>. (For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閒</span>, see <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIII</span>, <a href="#note-727">note 727</a> on heading.) He explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知者</span> in like fashion: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">雖有智能之士亦不能謀我也</span> “though the enemy may have clever and capable officers, they will not be able to lay any plans against us.” <a href="#noteref-333" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-334" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>All the commentators except <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> make <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> refer to the enemy. So <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因敵形而立勝</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">錯</span> is defined as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">置</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">措</span>, with the same meaning. See <a href="#chapter-4-p-13">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span></a> (“He wins his battles …”). The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">作</span>, evidently a gloss. <a href="#noteref-334" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-335" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">I.e.</abbr>, everybody can see superficially how a battle is won; what they cannot see is the long series of plans and combinations which has preceded the battle. It seems justifiable, then, to render the first <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> by “tactics” and the second by “strategy.” <a href="#noteref-335" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-336" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> sagely remarks: “There is but one root-principle (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">理</span>) underlying victory, but the tactics (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span>) which lead up to it are infinite in number.” With this compare <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson; “The rules of strategy are few and simple. They may be learned in a week. They may be taught by familiar illustrations or a dozen diagrams. But such knowledge will no more teach a man to lead an army like Napoleon than a knowledge of grammar will teach him to write like Gibbon.” <a href="#noteref-336" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-337" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">行</span> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">劉晝子</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Chou-tzǔ’s</span> reading for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">形</span> in the original text. <a href="#noteref-337" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-338" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Like water, taking the line of least resistance. <a href="#noteref-338" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-339" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">制形</span>—the latter also <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">制行</span>. The present text is derived from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien</span>. <a href="#noteref-339" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-340" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Water, fire, wood, metal, earth. <a href="#noteref-340" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-341" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>That is, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">迭相克也</span> “they predominate alternately.” <a href="#noteref-341" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-342" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “have no invariable seat.” <a href="#noteref-342" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-343" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-5-p-6">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a> (“Indirect tactics, efficiently applied …”). The purport of the passage is simply to illustrate the want of fixity in war by the changes constantly taking place in Nature. The comparison is not very happy, however, because the regularity of the phenomena which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> mentions is by no means paralleled in war. <a href="#noteref-343" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-344" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The commentators, as well as the subsequent text, make it clear that this is the real meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍爭</span>. Thus, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">爭</span> means <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趨利</span> “marching rapidly to seize an advantage”; <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">爭者爭利得利則勝</span> “ ‘Striving’ means striving for an advantage; this being obtained, victory will follow;” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兩軍相對而爭利也</span> “The two armies face to face, and each striving to obtain a tactical advantage over the other.” According to the latter commentator, then, the situation is analogous to that of two wrestlers manoeuvring for a “hold,” before coming to actual grips. In any case, we must beware of translating <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">爭</span> by the word “fighting” or “battle,” as if it were equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戰</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop falls into this mistake. <a href="#noteref-344" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-345" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">君</span> there is another reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天</span>, which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> explains as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">恭行天罰</span> “being the reverent instrument of Heaven’s chastisement.” <a href="#noteref-345" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-346" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">和</span> as referring to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">和門</span> or main gate of the military camp. This, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tells us, was formed with a couple of flags hung across. (<abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXVII</span> <abbr>fol.</abbr> 31 of the Imperial edition: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">直旌門</span>.) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交和</span> would then mean “setting up his <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">和門</span> opposite that of the enemy.” But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin’s</span> explanation, which has been adopted above, is on the whole simpler and better. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, while following <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, adds that the words may also be taken to mean “the establishment of harmony and confidence between the higher and lower ranks before venturing into the field;” and he quotes a saying of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span> (<abbr>chap.</abbr> 1 <abbr>ad init.</abbr>): “Without harmony in the State, no military expedition can be undertaken; without harmony in the army, no battle array can be formed.” In the historical romance <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">東周列國</span>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 75, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> himself is represented as saying to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伍員</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Yüan</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大凡行兵之法先除內患然後方可外征</span> “As a general rule, those who are waging war should get rid of all domestic troubles before proceeding to attack the external foe.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舍</span> is defined as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">止</span>. It here conveys the notion of encamping after having taken the field. <a href="#noteref-346" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-347" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I have departed slightly from the traditional interpretation of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, who says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">從始受命至於交和軍爭難也</span> “From the time of receiving the sovereign’s instructions until our encampment over against the enemy, the tactics to be pursued are most difficult.” It seems to me that the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍爭</span> tactics or manoeuvres can hardly be said to begin until the army has sallied forth and encamped, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao’s</span> note gives colour to this view: “For levying, concentrating, harmonising and intrenching an army, there are plenty of old rules which will serve. The real difficulty comes when we engage in tactical operations.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> also observes that “the great difficulty is to be beforehand with the enemy in seizing favourable positions.” <a href="#noteref-347" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-348" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以迂為直</span> is one of those highly condensed and somewhat enigmatical expressions of which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is so fond. This is how it is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">示以遠速其道里先敵至也</span> “Make it appear that you are a long way off, then cover the distance rapidly and arrive on the scene before your opponent.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “Hoodwink the enemy, so that he may be remiss and leisurely while you are dashing along with the utmost speed.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> gives a slightly different turn to the sentence: “Although you may have difficult ground to traverse and natural obstacles to encounter, this is a drawback which can be turned into actual advantage by celerity of movement.” Signal examples of this saying are afforded by the two famous passages across the Alps—that of Hannibal, which laid Italy at his mercy, and that of Napoleon two thousand years later, which resulted in the great victory of Marengo. <a href="#noteref-348" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-349" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> understands <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">途</span> as the <em>enemy’s</em> line of march, thus: “If our adversary’s course is really a short one, and we can manage to divert him from it (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">迂之</span>) either by simulating weakness or by holding out some small advantage, we shall be able to beat him in the race for good positions.” This is quite a defensible view, though not adopted by any other commentator. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span> of course = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">後</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先</span> are to be taken as verbs. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> cites the famous march of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趙奢</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Shê</span> in 270 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> to relieve the town of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閼與</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">O-yü</span>, which was closely invested by a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">秦</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> army. (It should be noted that the above is the correct pronunciation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閼與</span>, as given in the commentary on the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 34. Giles’ dictionary gives “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü-yü</span>,” and Chavannes, I know not on what authority, prefers to write “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen-yü</span>.” The name is omitted altogether from Playfair’s “Cities and Towns.”) The King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> first consulted <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廉頗</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lien Pʽo</span> on the advisability of attempting a relief, but the latter thought the distance too great, and the intervening country too rugged and difficult. His Majesty then turned to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Shê</span>, who fully admitted the hazardous nature of the march, but finally said: “We shall be like two rats fighting in a hole—and the pluckier one will win!” so he left the capital with his army, but had only gone a distance of 30 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> when he stopped and began throwing up intrenchments. For 28 days he continued strengthening his fortifications, and took care that spies should carry the intelligence to the enemy. The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> general was overjoyed, and attributed his adversary’s tardiness to the fact that the beleaguered city was in the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> State, and thus not actually part of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> territory. But the spies had no sooner departed than <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Shê</span> began a forced march lasting for two days and one night, and arrived on the scene of action with such astonishing rapidity that he was able to occupy a commanding position on the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">北山</span> “North hill” before the enemy had got wind of his movements. A crushing defeat followed for the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> forces, who were obliged to raise the siege of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">O-yü</span> in all haste and retreat across the border. (See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">史記</span>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 81.) <a href="#noteref-349" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-350" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I here adopt the reading of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien</span> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">衆</span> appears to supply the exact nuance required in order to make sense. The standard text, on the other hand, in which <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span> is repeated, seems somewhat pointless. The commentators take it to mean that manoeuvres may be profitable, or they may be dangerous: it all depends on the ability of the general. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">衆爭</span> “the wrangles of a multitude”! <a href="#noteref-350" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-351" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舉</span>; but a verb is needed to balance <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">委</span>. <a href="#noteref-351" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-352" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">委軍</span> is evidently unintelligible to the Chinese commentators, who paraphrase the sentence as though it began with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">棄輜</span>. Absolute tautology in the apodosis can then only be avoided by drawing an impossibly fine distinction between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">棄</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">捐</span>. I submit my own rendering without much enthusiasm, being convinced that there is some deep-seated corruption in the text. On the whole, it is clear that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> does not approve of a lengthy march being undertaken without supplies. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-7-p-11"><abbr>infra</abbr></a>. (“We may take it then that an army …”) <a href="#noteref-352" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-353" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卷甲</span> does not mean “to discard one’s armour,” as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates, but implies on the contrary that it is to be carried with you. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">猶悉甲也</span> “This means, in full panoply.” <a href="#noteref-353" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-354" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The ordinary day’s march, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, was 30 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i>; but on one occasion, when pursuing <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">劉備</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Pei</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> is said to have covered the incredible distance of 300 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> within twenty-four hours. <a href="#noteref-354" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-355" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">罷</span>, see <a href="#note-212">note 212</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>. The moral is, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> and others point out: Don’t march a hundred <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> to gain a tactical advantage, either with or without impedimenta. Manoeuvres of this description should be confined to short distances. Stonewall Jackson said: “The hardships of forced marches are often more painful than the dangers of battle.” He did not often call upon his troops for extraordinary exertions. It was only when he intended a surprise, or when a rapid retreat was imperative, that he sacrificed everything to speed.<a href="#note-777" id="noteref-777" epub:type="noteref">777</a> <a href="#noteref-355" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-356" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蹶</span> is explained as similar in meaning to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">挫</span>: literally, “the leader of the first division will be <em>torn away</em>.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">襄</span> 19th year: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是謂蹶其本</span> “This is a case of [the falling tree] tearing up its roots.” <a href="#noteref-356" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-357" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> is added: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以是知軍爭之難</span> “From this we may know the difficulty of manoeuvring.” <a href="#noteref-357" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-358" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">委積</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">芻草之屬</span> “fodder and the like;” by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">財貨</span> “goods in general;” and by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">薪鹽蔬材之屬</span> “fuel, salt, foodstuffs, <abbr>etc.</abbr>” But I think what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> meant was “stores accumulated in depots,” as distinguished from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">輜重</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">糧食</span>, the various impedimenta accompanying an army on its march. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XVI</span> <abbr>fol.</abbr> 10: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">委人</span> … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">斂薪芻凡疏材木材凡畜聚之物</span>. <a href="#noteref-358" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-359" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">豫</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> understands it as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">備</span> “guard against,” which is hardly so good. An original interpretation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交</span> is given by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, who says it stands for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交兵</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">合戰</span> “join in battle.” <a href="#noteref-359" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-360" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">險</span>, defined as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">坑塹</span> (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>) or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">坑坎</span> (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>). <a href="#noteref-360" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-361" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">阻</span>, defined as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">一高一下</span>. <a href="#noteref-361" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-362" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">沮</span>, defined as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">水草漸洳者</span>. <a href="#noteref-362" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-363" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">澤</span>, defined as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">衆水所歸而不流者</span>. <a href="#noteref-363" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-364" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>This and the previous two paragraphs are repeated in <a href="#chapter-11-p-52"><abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a>. (“We cannot enter into alliance …”) <a href="#noteref-364" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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<li id="note-365" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>According to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">立</span> stands for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">立勝</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-1-p-23">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>, “All warfare is based on deception.” In the tactics of Turenne, deception of the enemy, especially as to the numerical strength of his troops, took a very a prominent position.<a href="#note-778" id="noteref-778" epub:type="noteref">778</a> <a href="#noteref-365" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-366" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is the interpretation of all the commentators except <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, who has the brief note <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">誘之也</span> “Entice out the enemy” (by offering him some apparent advantage). <a href="#noteref-366" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-367" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The simile is doubly appropriate, because the wind is not only swift but, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> points out, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無形跡</span> “invisible and leaves no tracks.” <a href="#noteref-367" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-368" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>It is hardly possible to take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">徐</span> here in its ordinary sense of “sedate,” as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> tries to do. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span> comes nearer the mark in his note <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">緩行須有行列</span> “When slowly marching, order and ranks must be preserved”—so as to guard against surprise attacks. But natural forests do not grow in rows, whereas they do generally possess the quality of density or compactness. I think then that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> uses the right adjective in saying <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">如林之森然</span>. <a href="#noteref-368" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-369" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Ching</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> 3 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> 6: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">如火烈烈則莫我敢曷</span> “Fierce as a blazing fire which no man can check.” <a href="#noteref-369" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-370" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>That is, when holding a position from which the enemy is trying to dislodge you, or perhaps, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says, when he is trying to entice you into a trap. <a href="#noteref-370" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-371" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">震</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">霆</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-4-p-7">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span></a>, “The general who is skilled …” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> quotes a saying of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span> which has passed into a proverb: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疾雷不及掩耳疾電不及暝目</span> “You cannot shut your ears to the thunder or your eyes to the lightning—so rapid are they.” Likewise, an attack should be made so quickly that it cannot be parried. <a href="#noteref-371" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-372" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The reading of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, and apparently <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">指向分衆</span>, which is explained as referring to the subdivision of the army, mentioned in <a href="#chapter-5-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a> (“The control of a large force …” and “Fighting with a large army …”), by means of banners and flags, serving to point out (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">指</span>) to each man the way he should go (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">向</span>). But this is very forced, and the ellipsis is too great, even for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. Luckily, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have the variant <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">嚮</span>, which not only suggests the true reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄉</span>, but affords some clue to the way in which the corruption arose. Some early commentator having inserted <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">向</span> as the sound of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄉</span>, the two may afterwards have been read as one character; and this being interchangeable with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">向</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄉</span> must finally have disappeared altogether. Meanwhile, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">掠</span> would have been altered to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">指</span> in order to make sense. As regards <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">分衆</span>, I believe that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> alone has grasped the real meaning, the other commentators understanding it as “dividing to men into parties” to search for plunder. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> wishes to lessen the abuses of indiscriminate plundering by insisting that all booty shall be thrown into a common stock, which may afterwards be fairly divided amongst all. <a href="#noteref-372" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-373" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>That this is the meaning, may be gathered from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">開土拓境則分割與有功者</span>. The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三略</span> gives the same advice: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">獲地裂之</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廓</span> means “to enlarge” or “extend”—at the expense of the enemy, understood. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Ching</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 1: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">懀其式廓</span> “hating all the great States.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> also says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">屯兵種蒔</span> “quarter your soldiers on the land, and let them sow and plant it.” It is by acting on this principle, and harvesting the lands they invaded, that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">班超</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years, those of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">福康安</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu-kʽang-an</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">左宗棠</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Tsung-tʽang</span>.<a href="#note-779" id="noteref-779" epub:type="noteref">779</a> <a href="#noteref-373" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-374" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Note that both these words, like the Chinese <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">懸權</span>, are really metaphors derived from the use of scales. <a href="#noteref-374" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-375" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> quotes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">慰繚子</span> as saying that we must not break camp until we have gauged the resisting power of the enemy and the cleverness of the opposing general. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> the “seven comparisons” in <a href="#chapter-1-p-12">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits this sentence. <a href="#noteref-375" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-376" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#chapter-7-p-3">supra</a>, “After that, comes tactical manoeuvring …” and “Thus, to take a long and circuitous route …” <a href="#noteref-376" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-377" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>With these words, the chapter would naturally come to an end. But there now follows a long appendix in the shape of an extract from an earlier book on War, now lost, but apparently extant at the time when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> wrote. The style of this fragment is not noticeably different from that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> himself, but no commentator raises a doubt as to its genuineness. <a href="#noteref-377" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-378" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>It is perhaps significant that none of the earlier commentators give us any information about this work. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-Chʽên</span> calls it <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍之舊典</span> “an ancient military classic,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">古軍書</span> “an old book on war.” Considering the enormous amount of fighting that had gone on for centuries before <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> time between the various kingdoms and principalities of China, it is not in itself improbable that a collection of military maxims should have been made and written down at some earlier period. <a href="#noteref-378" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-379" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Implied, though not actually in the Chinese. <a href="#noteref-379" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-380" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I have retained the words <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">金鼓</span> of the original text, which recur in the next paragraph, in preference to the other reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鼓鐸</span> “drums and bells,” which is found in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pei Tʽang Shu Chʽao</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鐸</span> is a bell with a clapper. See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 24, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXIX</span> 15, 29 <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">金</span> of course would include both gongs and bells of every kind. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> inserts a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> after each <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">為</span>. <a href="#noteref-380" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-381" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text, followed by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民</span> here and in the next two paragraphs. But, as we have seen, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span> is generally used in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> for the enemy. <a href="#noteref-381" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-382" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Note the use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">一</span> as a verb. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">視聽均齊則雖百萬之衆進退如一矣</span> “If sight and hearing converge simultaneously on the same object, the evolutions of as many as a million soldiers will be like those of a single man”! <a href="#noteref-382" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-383" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> quotes a saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令不進而進與令不退而退厥罪惟均</span> “Equally guilty are those who advance against orders and those who retreat against orders.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tells a story in this connection of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳起</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span>, when he was fighting against the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> State. Before the battle had begun, one of his soldiers, a man of matchless daring, sallied forth by himself, captured two heads from the enemy, and returned to camp. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span> had the man instantly executed, whereupon an officer ventured to remonstrate, saying: “This man was a good soldier, and ought not to have been beheaded.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span> replied: “I fully believe he was a good soldier, but I had him beheaded because he acted without orders.” <a href="#noteref-383" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-384" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has the bad variant <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">便</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變</span>. With regard to the latter word, I believe I have hit off the right meaning, the whole phrase being slightly elliptical for “influencing the movements of the army through their senses of sight and hearing.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> certainly seem to understand it thus. The other commentators, however, take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民</span> (or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span>) as the enemy, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變</span> as equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變惑</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變亂</span> “to perplex” or “confound.” This does not agree so well with what has gone before, though on the other hand it renders the transition to the next paragraph less abrupt. The whole question, I think, hinges on the alternative readings <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span>. The latter would almost certainly denote the enemy. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> alludes to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李光弼</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Kuang-pi’s</span> night ride to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">河陽</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho-yang</span> at the head of 500 mounted men; they made such an imposing display with torches, that though the rebel leader <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">史思明</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Ssǔ-ming</span> had a large army, he did not dare to dispute their passage. (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> gives the date as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天寶末</span> <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 756; but according to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">新唐書</span> New <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> History, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">列傳</span> 61, it must have been later than this, probably 760.) <a href="#noteref-384" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-385" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“In war,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, “if a spirit of anger can be made to pervade all ranks of an army at one and the same time, its onset will be irresistable. Now the spirit of the enemy’s soldiers will be keenest when they have newly arrived on the scene, and it is therefore our cue not to fight at once, but to wait until their ardour and enthusiasm have worn off, and then strike. It is in this way that they be robbed of their keen spirit.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and others tell an anecdote (to be found in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">莊公</span> year 10, § 1) of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曹劌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span>, a protégé of Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuang</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu</span>. The latter State was attacked by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, and the Duke was about to join battle at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">長勺</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽang-cho</span>, after the first roll of the enemy’s drums, when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span> said: “Not just yet.” Only after their drums had beaten for the third time, did he give the word for attack. Then they fought, and the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> were utterly defeated. Questioned afterwards by the Duke as to the meaning of his delay, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span> replied: “In battle, a courageous spirit is everything. Now the first roll of the drum tends to create this spirit, but with the second it is already on the wane, and after the third it is gone altogether. I attacked when their spirit was gone and ours was at its height. Hence our victory.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吳子</span> (<abbr>chap.</abbr> 4) puts “spirit” first among the “four important influences” in war, and continues: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三軍之衆百萬之師張設輕重在於一人是謂氣機</span> “The value of a whole army—a mighty host of a million men—is dependent on one man alone: such is the influence of spirit!” <a href="#noteref-385" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-386" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop goes woefully astray with “defeat his general’s ambition.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">心者將之所主也夫治亂勇怯皆主於心</span> “Presence of mind is the general’s most important asset. It is the quality which enables him to discipline disorder and to inspire courage into the panic-stricken.” The great general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李靖</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 571–649) has a saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫攻者不止攻其城擊其陳而已必有攻其心之術焉</span> “Attacking does not merely consist in assaulting walled cities or striking at an army in battle array; it must include the art of assailing the enemy’s mental equilibrium.” (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">問對</span>, pt. 3.) <a href="#noteref-386" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-387" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Always provided, I suppose, that he has had breakfast. At the battle of the Trebia, the Romans were foolishly allowed to fight fasting, whereas Hannibal’s men had breakfasted at their leisure. See Livy, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXI</span>, <abbr>liv.</abbr> 8, <abbr>lv.</abbr> 1 and 8. <a href="#noteref-387" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-388" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故</span>, which certainly seems to be wanted here, is omitted in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>. <a href="#noteref-388" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-389" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, for reasons of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">避諱</span> “avoidance of personal names of the reigning dynasty,” reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">理</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span> in this and the two next paragraphs. <a href="#noteref-389" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-390" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">逸</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">佚</span>. The two characters are practically synonymous, but according to the commentary, the latter is the form always used in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. <a href="#noteref-390" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-391" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">邀</span> is the reading of the original text. But the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵書要訣</span> quotes the passage with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">要</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">yao</i>¹ (also meaning “to intercept”), and this is supported by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pei Tʽang Shu Chʽao</i>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi’s</span> text. <a href="#noteref-391" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-392" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For this translation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">堂堂</span>, I can appeal to the authority of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, who defines the phrase as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無懼</span>. The other commentators mostly follow <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, who says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大</span>, probably meaning “grand and imposing.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, however, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">部分</span> “in subdivisions,” which is somewhat strange. <a href="#noteref-392" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-393" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I have not attempted a uniform rendering of the four phrases <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治氣</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治心</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治力</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治變</span>, though <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span> really bears the same meaning in each case. It is to be taken, I think, not in the sense of “to govern” or “control,” but rather, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</span> defines it, = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">簡習</span> “to examine and practise,” hence “look after,” “keep a watchful eye upon.” We may find an example of this use in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XVIII</span> <abbr>fol.</abbr> 46: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治其大禮</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> has not told us to control or restrain the quality which he calls <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">氣</span>, but only to observe the time at which it is strongest. As for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">心</span>, it is important to remember that in the present context it can only mean “presence of mind.” To speak of “controlling presence of mind” is absurd, and <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “to have the heart under control” is hardly less so. The whole process recommended here is that of <a href="#chapter-6-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">致人而不致於人</span> (“Therefore the clever combatant …”) <a href="#noteref-393" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-394" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">倍</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">背</span>. <a href="#noteref-394" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-395" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, with extraordinary inability to see a metaphor, take these words quite literally of food and drink that have been poisoned by the enemy. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> carefully point out that the saying has a wider application. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貪</span> “to covet” instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">食</span>. The similarity of the two characters sufficiently accounts for the mistake. <a href="#noteref-395" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-396" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The commentators explain this rather singular piece of advice by saying that a man whose heart is set on returning home will fight to the death against any attempt to bar his way, and is therefore too dangerous an opponent to be tackled. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> quotes the words of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">從思東歸之士何所不克</span> “Invincible is the soldier who hath his desire and returneth homewards.” A marvellous tale is told of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao’s</span> courage and resource in <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1 of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Kuo Chih</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武帝紀</span>: In 198 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, he was besieging <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張繡</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Hsiu</span> in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">穰</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Jang</span>, when <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">劉表</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Piao</span> sent reinforcements with a view to cutting off <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao’s</span> retreat. The latter was obliged to draw off his troops, only to find himself hemmed in between two enemies, who were guarding each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself. In this desparate plight <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span> waited until nightfall, when he bored a tunnel into the mountain side and laid an ambush in it. Then he marched on with his baggage-train, and when it grew light, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Hsiu</span>, finding that the bird had flown, pressed after him in hot pursuit. As soon as the whole army had passed by, the hidden troops fell on its rear, while <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span> himself turned and met his pursuers in front, so that they were thrown into confusion and annihilated. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> said afterwards: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">虜遏吾歸師而與吾死地戰吾是以知勝矣</span> “The brigands tried to check my army in its retreat and brought me to battle in a desparate position: hence I knew how to overcome them.” <a href="#noteref-396" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-397" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This does not mean that the enemy is to be allowed to escape. The object, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> puts it, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">示以生路令無必死之心</span> “to make him believe that there is a road to safety, and thus prevent his fighting with the courage of despair.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> adds pleasantly: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因而擊之</span> “After that, you may crush him.” <a href="#noteref-397" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-398" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">迫</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">追</span> “pursue.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> quotes the saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鳥窮則搏獸窮則噬</span> “Birds and beasts when brought to bay will use their claws and teeth.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵若焚舟破釜決一戰則不可逼迫來</span> “If your adversary has burned his boats and destroyed his cooking-pots, and is ready to stake all on the issue of a battle, he must not be pushed to extremities.” The phrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">窮宼</span> doubtless originated with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Wên Yün Fu</i> gives four examples of its use, the earliest being from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, and I have found another in <abbr>chap.</abbr> 34 of the same work. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> illustrates the meaning by a story taken from the life of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">符彥卿</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Yen-chʽing</span> in <abbr>ch.</abbr> 251 of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋史</span>. That general, together with his colleague <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">杜重威</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Chung-wei</span>, was surrounded by a vastly superior army of Khitans in the year 945 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>. The country was bare and desert-like, and the little Chinese force was soon in dire straits for want of water. The wells they bored ran dry, and the men were reduced to squeezing lumps of mud and sucking out the moisture. Their ranks thinned rapidly, until at last <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Yen-chʽing</span> exclaimed: “We are desperate men. Far better to die for our country than to go with fettered hands into captivity!” A strong gale happened to be blowing from the northeast and darkening the air with dense clouds of sandy dust. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Chung-wei</span> was for waiting until this had abated before deciding on a final attack; but luckily another officer, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李守貞</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Shou-chêng</span> by name, was quicker to see an opportunity, and said: “They are many and we are few, but in the midst of this sandstorm our numbers will not be discernible; victory will go to the strenuous fighter, and the wind will be our best ally.” Accordingly, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Yen-chʽing</span> made a sudden and wholly unexpected onslaught with his cavalry, routed the barbarians and succeeded in breaking through to safety. (Certain details in the above account have been added from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歷代紀事年表</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 78.) <a href="#noteref-398" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-399" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien</span> is his <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遺說</span> inserts <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">妙</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">法</span>. I take it that these words conclude the extract from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍政</span> which began at earlier with the words “The Book of Army Management says …” <a href="#noteref-399" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-400" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The heading means literally “The Nine Variations,” but as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> does not appear to enumerate these, and as, indeed, he has already told us (<a href="#chapter-5-p-6">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a>, “Indirect tactics, efficiently applied …” through “The direct and the indirect lead on …”) that such deflections from the ordinary course are practically innumerable, we have little option but to follow <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, who says that “Nine” stands for an indefinitely large number. “All it means is that in warfare <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">當極其變</span> we ought to vary our tactics to the utmost degree … I do not know what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> makes these Nine Variations out to be [the latter’s note is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變其正得其所用九也</span>], but it has been suggested that they are connected with the Nine Situations”—of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>. This is the view adopted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>: see <a href="#note-406">note 406</a> on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死地</span> (“In a desperate position …”). The only other alternative is to suppose that something has been lost—a supposition to which the unusual shortness of the chapter lends some weight. <a href="#noteref-400" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-401" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Repeated from <a href="#chapter-7-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a> (“In war, the general receives …”), where it is certainly more in place. It may have been interpolated here merely in order to supply a beginning to the chapter. <a href="#noteref-401" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-402" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For explanation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圮地</span>, see <a href="#note-580">note 580</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>. <a href="#noteref-402" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-403" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>See <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, <a href="#chapter-11-p-6">“Ground which forms the key …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-11-p-12">“On open ground …”</a> <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">衢地</span>. <a href="#noteref-403" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-404" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕地</span> is not one of the Nine Situations as given in the beginning of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, but occurs later on (<a href="#chapter-11-p-43">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a>, “When you leave your own country …” <abbr>q.v.</abbr>). We may compare it with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">重地</span> (<a href="#chapter-11-p-7">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a>, “When an army has penetrated …”). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> calls it a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">危絕之地</span>, situated across the frontier, in hostile territory. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> says it is “country in which there are no springs or wells, flocks or herds, vegetables or firewood;” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, “one of gorges, chasms and precipices, without a road by which to advance.” <a href="#noteref-404" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-405" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>See <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, <a href="#chapter-11-p-9">“Ground which is reached …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-11-p-14">“On hemmed-in ground …”</a> <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop has “mountainous and wooded country,” which is a quite inadequate translation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圍</span>. <a href="#noteref-405" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-406" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>See <a href="#chapter-11-p-10">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a> (“Ground on which we can only be saved …” and “On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem …”) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> has an important note here, which must be given in full. “From <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圮地無舍</span>,” he says, “down to this point, the Nine Variations are presented to us. The reason why only five are given is that the subject is treated <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en précis</i> (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舉其大略也</span>). So in <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, where he discusses the variations of tactics corresponding to the Nine Grounds, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> mentions only six variations; there again we have an abridgment. [I cannot understand what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> means by this statement. He can only be referring to the four paragraphs starting at either <a href="#chapter-11-p-11">‘On dispersive ground …’</a> or <a href="#chapter-11-p-46">‘Therefore, on dispersive ground …’</a> in <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>; but in both places all the nine grounds are discussed. Perhaps he is confusing these with the <a href="#chapter-10-p-1">Six <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形</span></a>, (‘We may distinguish six kinds of terrain …’) of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span>] All kinds of ground have corresponding military positions, and also a variation of tactics suitable to each (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">凡地有勢有變</span>). In <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, what we find enumerated first [starting at <a href="#chapter-11-p-2">‘Ground which can be freely traversed …’</a>] are the situations; afterwards [starting at <a href="#chapter-11-p-11">‘If the enemy has occupied …’</a>] the corresponding tactics. Now, how can we tell that the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九變</span> ‘Nine Variations’ are simply the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地之變</span> ‘variations of tactics corresponding to the Nine Grounds’? It is said further on [<a href="#chapter-8-p-5">in chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a>] that ‘the general who does not understand the nine variations of tactics may be well acquainted with the features of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.’ Again, in <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> [<a href="#chapter-11-p-41">here</a>] we read: ‘The different measures adapted to the nine varieties of ground (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地之變</span>) and the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics must be carefully examined.’ From a consideration of these passages the meaning is made clear. When later on the nine grounds are enumerated, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> recurs to these nine variations. He wishes here to speak of the Five Advantages [see <a href="#chapter-8-p-6">infra</a>, ‘Ground which forms the key …’], so he begins by setting forth the Nine Variations. These are inseparably connected in practice, and therefore they are dealt with together.” The weak point of this argument is the suggestion that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五事</span> “five things” can stand as a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大畧</span>, that is, an abstract or abridgment, of nine, when those that are omitted are not less important than those that appear, and when one of the latter is not included amongst the nine at all. <a href="#noteref-406" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-407" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“Especially those leading through narrow defiles,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, “where an ambush is to be feared.” <a href="#noteref-407" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-408" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>More correctly, perhaps, “there are times when an army must not be attacked.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> says: “When you see your way to obtain a trivial advantage, but are powerless to inflict a real defeat, refrain attacking, for fear of overtaxing your men’s strengths.” <a href="#noteref-408" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-409" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop says “castles”—an unfortunate attempt to introduce local colour. <a href="#noteref-409" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-410" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-3-p-4">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a> (“The rule is …”). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> gives an interesting illustration from his own experience. When invading the territory of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">徐州</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü-chou</span>, he ignored the city of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">華費</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hua-pi</span>, which lay directly in his path, and pressed on into the heart of the country. This excellent strategy was rewarded by the subsequent capture of no fewer than fourteen important district cities. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “No town should be attacked which, if taken, cannot be held, or if left alone, will not cause any trouble.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">荀罃</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsün Ying</span>, when urged to attack <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">偪陽</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi-yang</span>, replied: “The city is small and well-fortified; even if I succeed in taking it, ’t will be no great feat of arms; whereas if I fail, I shall make myself a laughingstock.” In the seventeenth century, sieges still formed a large proportion of war. It was Turenne who directed attention to the importance of marches, countermarches and manoeuvres. He said: “It is a great mistake to waste men in taking a town when the same expenditure of soldiers will gain a province.”<a href="#note-780" id="noteref-780" epub:type="noteref">780</a> <a href="#noteref-410" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-411" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is a hard saying for the Chinese, with their reverence for authority, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span> (quoted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>) is moved to exclaim: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵者凶器也爭者逆德也將者死官也</span> “Weapons are baleful instruments, strife is antagonistic to virtue, a military commander is the negation of civil order!” The unpalatable fact remains, however, that even Imperial wishes must be subordinated to military necessity. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-3-p-22">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a> (“He will win who has military capacity …”) and <a href="#chapter-10-p-23">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span></a> (“If fighting is sure …”). The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將在軍</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">君命</span>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> This is a gloss on the words by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span>, which being repeated by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> became incorporated with the text. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> thinks that these five precepts are the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五利</span> referred to <a href="#chapter-8-p-6">below</a> (“So, the student of war …”). Another theory is that the mysterious <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九變</span> are here enumerated, starting with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圮地無舍</span> and ending at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地有所不爭</span>, while the final clause <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">君命有所不受</span> embraces and as it were sums up all the nine. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> says: “Even if it be your sovereign’s command to encamp in difficult country, linger in isolated positions, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, you must not do so.” The theory is perhaps a little too ingenious to be accepted with confidence. <a href="#noteref-411" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-412" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span> in the original text there is a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地</span> which is obviously not required. <a href="#noteref-412" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-413" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “get the advantage of the ground,” which means not only securing good positions, but availing oneself of natural advantages in every possible way. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “Every kind of ground is characterised by certain natural features, and also gives scope for a certain variability of plan. How is it possible to turn these natural features to account unless topographical knowledge is supplemented by versatility of mind?” <a href="#noteref-413" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-414" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says that the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五利</span> are <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">下五事也</span> “the five things that follow;” but this cannot be right. We must rather look back to the five “variations” contained <a href="#chapter-8-p-3">above</a> (“There are roads …”). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> (who reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五變</span> here to balance the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五利</span>) tells us that these imply five obvious and generally advantageous lines of action, namely: “if a certain road is short, it must be followed; if an army is isolated, it must be attacked; if a town is in a parlous condition, it must be besieged; if a position can be stormed, it must be attempted; and if consistent with military operations, the ruler’s commands must be obeyed.” But there are circumstances which sometimes forbid a general to use these advantages. For instance, “a certain road may be the shortest way for him, but if he knows that it abounds in natural obstacles, or that the enemy has laid an ambush on it, he will not follow that road. A hostile force may be open to attack, but if he knows that it is hard-pressed and likely to fight with desperation, he will refrain from striking,” and so on. Here the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變</span> comes in to modify the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span>, and hence we see the uselessness of knowing the one without the other—of having an eye for weaknesses in the enemy’s armour without being clever enough to recast one’s plans on the spur of the moment. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop offers this slovenly translation: “In the management of armies, if the art of the Nine Changes be understood [sic], a knowledge of the Five Advantages is of no avail.” <a href="#noteref-414" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-415" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“Whether in an advantageous position or a disadvantageous one,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, “the opposite state should be always present to your mind.” <a href="#noteref-415" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-416" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, is equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">申</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">務可信也</span> is paraphrased by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">可以伸己之事</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> goes on to say: “If we wish to wrest an advantage from the enemy, we must not fix our minds on that alone, but allow for the possibility of the enemy also doing some harm to us, and let this enter as a factor into our calculations.” <a href="#noteref-416" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-417" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>A translator cannot emulate the conciseness of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">雜於害</span> “to blend [thoughts of advantage] with disadvantage,” but the meaning is as given. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “If I wish to extricate myself from a dangerous position, I must consider not only the enemy’s ability to injure me, but also my own ability to gain an advantage over the enemy. If in my counsels these two considerations are properly blended, I shall succeed in liberating myself … For instance, if I am surrounded by the enemy and only think of effecting an escape, the nervelessness of my policy will incite my adversary to deliver a bold counterattack, and use the advantage thus gained to free myself from the enemy’s toils.” See the story of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> in <a href="#note-396">note 396</a>. In his first edition, <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translated <a href="#chapter-8-p-7">“Hence in the wise leader’s plans …”</a> as follows: “The wise man perceives clearly wherein lies advantage and disadvantage. While recognising an opportunity, he does not overlook the risks, and saves future anxiety.” This has now been altered into: “The wise man considers well both advantage and disadvantage. He sees a way out of adversity, <em>and on the day of victory to danger is not blind</em>.” Owing to a needless inversion of the Chinese, the words which I have italicised are evidently intended to represent the <a href="#chapter-8-p-8">previous paragraph</a>! <a href="#noteref-417" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-418" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> enumerates several ways of inflicting this injury, some of which would only occur to the Oriental mind:—“Entice away the enemy’s best and wisest men, so that he may be left without counsellors. Introduce traitors into his country, that the government policy may be rendered futile. Foment intrigue and deceit, and thus sow dissension between the ruler and his ministers. By means of every artful contrivance, cause deterioration amongst his men and waste of his treasure. Corrupt his morals by insidious gifts leading him into excess. Disturb and unsettle his mind by presenting him with lovely women.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> (after <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>) considers the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">害</span> to be military chastisement: “Get the enemy,” he says, “into a position where he must suffer injury, and he will submit of his own accord.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop twists <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> words into an absurdly barbarous precept: “In reducing an enemy to submission, inflict all possible damage upon him.” <a href="#noteref-418" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-419" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">業</span> is defined by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">事</span>, and his definition is generally adopted by the commentators. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, however, seems to take it in the sense of “possessions,” or, as we might say, “assets,” which he considers to be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵衆國富人和令行</span> “a large army, a rich exchequer, harmony amongst the soldiers, punctual fulfilment of commands.” These give us a whip-hand over the enemy. <a href="#noteref-419" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-420" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">役</span>, literally, “make servants of them.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令不得安佚</span> “prevent them from having any rest.” <a href="#noteref-420" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-421" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih’s</span> note contains an excellent example of the idiomatic use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令忘變而速至</span> “cause them to forget <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pien</i> (the reasons for acting otherwise than on their first impulse), and hasten in our direction.” <a href="#noteref-421" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-422" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">有能以待之也</span>, but the conciser form is more likely to be right. <a href="#noteref-422" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-423" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> insert <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吾也</span> after the first <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">攻</span>, and omit <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">有所</span>. <a href="#noteref-423" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-424" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勇而無慮</span> “Bravery without forethought,” as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> analyses it, which causes a man to fight blindly and desperately like a mad bull. Such an opponent, says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, “must not be encountered with brute force, but may be lured into an ambush and slain.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IV</span> <abbr>ad init.</abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">凡人論將常觀於勇勇之於將乃數分之一耳夫勇者必輕合而不知利未可也</span> “In estimating the character of a general, men are wont to pay exclusive attention to his courage, forgetting that courage is only one our of many qualities which a general should possess. The merely brave man is prone to fight recklessly; and he who fights recklessly, withou any perception of what is expedient, must be condemned.” The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</span>, too, makes the incisive remark <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">上死不勝</span> “Simply going to one’s death does not bring about victory.” <a href="#noteref-424" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-425" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必生</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> of the man “whom timidity prevents from advancing to seize an advantage,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> adds, “who is quick to flee at the sight of danger.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span> gives the closer paraphrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">志必生反</span> “he who is bent on returning alive,” that is, the man who will never take a risk. But, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> knew, nothing is to be achieved in war unless you are willing to take risks. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span> said: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">失利後時反受其殃</span> “He who lets an advantage slip will subsequently bring upon himself real disaster.” In 404 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">劉裕</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liu Yü</span> pursued the rebel <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">桓玄</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan Hsüan</span> up the Yangtsze and fought a naval battle with him at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">崢嶸洲</span> the island of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽêng-hung</span>. The loyal troops numbered only a few thousands, while their opponents were in great force. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan Hsüan</span>, fearing the fate which was in store for him should he be overcome, had a light boat made fast to the side of his war-junk, so that he might escape, if necessary, at a moment’s notice. The natural result was that the fighting spirit of his soldiers was utterly quenched, and when the loyalists made an attack from windward with fireships, all striving with the utmost ardour to be first in the fray, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan Hsüan’s</span> forces were routed, had to burn all their baggage and fled for two days and nights without stopping. (See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晉書</span>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 99, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 13.) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> tells a somewhat similar story of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趙嬰齊</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Ying-chʽi</span>, a general of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span> State who during a battle with the army of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> in 597 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> had a boat kept in readiness for him on the river, wishing in case defeat to be the first to get across. <a href="#noteref-425" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-426" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I fail to see the meaning of <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “which <em>brings</em> insult.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tells us that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">姚襄</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yao Hsiang</span>, when opposed in 357 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">黃眉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang Mei</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄧羌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Têng Chʽiang</span> and others, shut himself up behind his walls and refused to fight. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Têng Chʽiang</span> said: “Our adversary is of a choleric temper and easily provoked; let us make constant sallies and break down his walls, then he will grow angry and come out. Once we can bring his force to battle, it is doomed to be our prey.” This plan was acted upon, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yao Hsiang</span> came out to fight, was lured on as far as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三原</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San-yüan</span> by the enemy’s pretended flight, and finally attacked and slain. <a href="#noteref-426" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-427" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This need not be taken to mean that a sense of honour is really a defect in a general. What <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> condemns is rather an exaggerated sensitiveness to slanderous reports, the thin-skinned man who is stung by opprobrium, however undeserved. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> truly observes, though somewhat paradoxically: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">徇名不顧</span> “The seeker after glory should be careless of public opinion.” <a href="#noteref-427" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-428" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Here again, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> does not mean that the general is to be careless of the welfare of his troops. All he wishes to emphasise is the danger of sacrificing any important military advantage to the immediate comfort of his men. This is a shortsighted policy, because in the long run the troops will suffer more from the defeat, or, at best, the prolongation of the war, which will be the consequence. A mistaken feeling of pity will often induce a general to relieve a beleaguered city, or to reinforce a hard-pressed detachment, contrary to his military instincts. It is now generally admitted that our repeated efforts to relieve Ladysmith in the South African War were so many strategical blunders which defeated their own purpose. And in the end, relief came through the very man who started out with the distinct resolve no longer to subordinate the interests of the whole to sentiment in favour of a part. An old soldier of one of our generals who failed most conspicuously in this war, tried once, I remember, to defend him to me on the ground that he was always “so good to his men.” By this plea, but he but known it, he was only condemning him out of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> mouth. <a href="#noteref-428" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-429" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The contents of this interesting chapter are better indicated in the first paragraph than by this heading. <a href="#noteref-429" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-430" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The discussion of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">處軍</span>, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> points out, extends from here down to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伏姦之所藏處也</span> (<a href="#chapter-9-p-17">“If in the neighborhood …”</a>), and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">相敵</span> from that point down to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必謹察之</span> (<a href="#chapter-9-p-39">“If the enemy’s troops march up angrily …”</a>). The rest of the chapter consists of a few desultory remarks, chiefly on the subject of discipline. <a href="#noteref-430" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-431" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For this use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕</span>, <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#note-437">note 437</a>. See also <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">荀子</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1 <abbr>fol.</abbr> 2 (standard edition of 1876): <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕江河</span>; <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 27 <abbr>ad init.</abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">後六星絕漢</span>. <a href="#noteref-431" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-432" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">依</span> here = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">近</span>. The idea is, not to linger among barren uplands, but to keep close to supplies of water and grass. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates “camp in valleys,” heedless of the very next sentence. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 3: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無當天竈</span> “Abide not in natural ovens,” <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大谷之口</span> “the openings of large valleys.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> tells the following anecdote: “<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武都羗</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu-tu Chʽiang</span> was a robber captain in the time of the Later <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">馬援</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ma Yüan</span> was sent to exterminate his gang. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽiang</span> having found a refuge in the hills, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ma Yüan</span> made no attempt to force a battle, but seized all the favourable positions commanding supplies of water and forage. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽiang</span> was soon in such a desperate plight for want of provisions that he was forced to make a total surrender. He did not know the advantage of keeping in the neighbourhood of valleys.” <a href="#noteref-432" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-433" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Not on high hills, but on knolls or hillocks elevated above the surrounding country. <a href="#noteref-433" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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||
<li id="note-434" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">視生</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">面陽</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> takes this to mean “facing south,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> “facing east.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-9-p-11">infra</a>, “All armies prefer high ground …” and “When you come to a hill …” <a href="#noteref-434" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-435" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隆</span> is here simply equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">降</span>. <a href="#noteref-435" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-436" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>After <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">山</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> insert <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">谷</span>. <a href="#noteref-436" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-437" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>“In order to tempt the enemy to cross after you,” according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, and also, says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, “in order not to be impeded in your evolutions.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵若絕水</span> “If the enemy crosses a river,” <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> But in view of the next sentence, this is almost certainly an interpolation. <a href="#noteref-437" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-438" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">度</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">濟</span>, without change of meaning. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span> plagiarises this passage twice over:—<abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> <abbr>ad fin.</abbr>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">涉水半渡可擊</span>; <abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵若絕水半渡而擊</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> alludes to the great victory won by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> over <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">龍且</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lung Chü</span> at the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">濰</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> River. Turning to the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 34, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 6 verso, we find the battle described as follows: “The two armies were drawn up on opposite sides of the river. In the night, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> ordered his men to take some ten thousand sacks filled with sand and construct a dam a little higher up. Then, leading half his army across, he attacked <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lung Chü</span>; but after a time, pretending to have failed in his attempt, he hastily withdrew to the other bank. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lung Chü</span> was much elated by this unlooked-for success and exclaiming: ‘I felt sure that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> was really a coward!’ he pursued him and began crossing the river in his turn. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> now sent a party to cut open the sandbags, thus releasing a great volume of water, which swept down and prevented the greater portion of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lung Chü’s</span> army from getting across. He then turned upon the force which had been cut off, and annihilated it, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lung Chü</span> himself being amongst the slain. The rest of the army, on the further bank, also scattered and fled in all directions.” <a href="#noteref-438" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-439" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>For fear of preventing his crossing. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop makes the injunction ridiculous by omitting <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">欲戰者</span>. <a href="#noteref-439" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-440" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>See <a href="#chapter-9-p-2">supra</a> (“Camp in high places, facing the sun.”). The repetition of these words in connection with water is very awkward. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> has the note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">或岸邊為陳或水上泊舟皆須面陽而居高</span> “Said either of troops marshalled on the riverbank, or of boats anchored in the stream itself; in either case it is essential to be higher than the enemy and facing the sun.” The other commentators are not at all explicit. One is much tempted to reject their explanation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">視生</span> altogether, and understand it simply as “seeking safety.” (<abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必生</span> in <a href="#note-425">note 425</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>, and <a href="#note-446">note 446</a> on the current chapter.) It is true that this involves taking <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">視</span> in an unusual, though not, I think, an impossible sense. Of course the earlier passage would then have to be translated in like manner. <a href="#noteref-440" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-441" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “As water flows downwards, we must not pitch our camp on the lower reaches of a river, for fear the enemy should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood. This is implied above in the words <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">視生處高</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Wu-hou</span> has remarked that ‘in river warfare we must not advance against the stream,’ which is as much as to say that our fleet must not be anchored below that of the enemy, for then they would be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of us.” There is also the danger, noted by other commentators, that the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to us. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s first version was: “Do not cross rivers in the face of the stream”—a sapient piece of advice, which made one curious to know what the correct way of crossing rivers might be. He has now improved this into: “Do not fight when the enemy is between the army and the source of the river.” <a href="#noteref-441" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-442" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Becuase of the lack of fresh water, the poor quality of the herbage, and last but not least, because they are low, flat, and exposed to attack. <a href="#noteref-442" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-443" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> remarks that the ground is less likely to be treacherous where there are trees, while <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says that they will serve to protect the rear. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, with a perfect genius for going wrong, says “in the neighbourhood of a marsh.” For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若</span> the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> wrongly read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">為</span>, and the latter also has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">倍</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">背</span>. <a href="#noteref-443" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-444" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is doubtless the force of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易</span>, its opposite being <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">險</span>. Thus, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> explains it as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">坦易平穩之處</span> “ground that is smooth and firm,” and therefore adapted for cavalry; <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">坦易無坎陷之處</span> “level ground, free from depressions and hollows.” He adds later on that although <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is discussing flat country, there will nevertheless be slight elevations and hillocks. <a href="#noteref-444" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-445" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> again reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">倍</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">背</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> quotes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span> as saying: “An army should have a stream or a marsh on its left, and a hill or tumulus on its right.” <a href="#noteref-445" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-446" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> thinks that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">後生</span> contradicts the saying <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">視生</span> <a href="#chapter-9-p-2">above</a> (“Camp in high places, facing the sun.”), and therefore suspects a mistake in the text. <a href="#noteref-446" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-447" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Those, namely, concerned with (1) mountains, (2) rivers, (3) marshes, and (4) plains. Compare Napoleon’s <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Military Maxims</i>, <abbr>no.</abbr> 1. <a href="#noteref-447" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-448" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> asks, with some plausibility, whether <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">帝</span> is not a mistake for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span> “armies,” as nothing is known of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang Ti</span> having conquered four other Emperors. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> (<abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <abbr>ad init.</abbr>) speaks only of his victories over <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">炎帝</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen Ti</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蚩尤</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽih Yu</span>. In the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">六韜</span> it is mentioned that he “fought seventy battles and pacified the Empire.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> explanation is, that the Yellow Emperor was the first to institute the feudal system of vassal princes, each of whom (to the number of four) originally bore the title of Emperor. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> tells that the art of war originated under <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang Ti</span>, who received it from his Minister <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">風后</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fêng Hou</span>. <a href="#noteref-448" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-449" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>“High ground,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>, “is not only more agreeable and salubrious, but more convenient from a military point of view; low ground is not only damp and unhealthy, but also disadvantageous for fighting.” The original text and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">好</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">喜</span>. <a href="#noteref-449" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-450" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">向水草可放牧養畜</span> “Make for fresh water and pasture, where you can turn out your animals to graze.” And the other commentators follow him, apparently taking <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">生</span> as = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">牲</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> Mencius, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> 1, where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">養牲者</span> means a cattle-keeper. But here <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">養生</span> surely has reference to the health of the troops. It is the title of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuang Tzǔ’s</span> third chapter, where it denotes moral rather than physical well-being. <a href="#noteref-450" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-451" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">實</span> must mean dry and solid, as opposed to damp and marshy, ground. This is to be found as a rule in high places, so the commentators explain <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">實</span> as practically equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高</span>. <a href="#noteref-451" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-452" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “The dryness of the climate will prevent the outbreak of illness.” <a href="#noteref-452" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-453" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have a superfluous <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">下</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">水</span>. <a href="#noteref-453" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-454" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕澗</span>, explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">前後險峻水橫其中</span>. <a href="#noteref-454" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-455" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天井</span>, explained as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">四面峻坂澗壑所歸</span> “places enclosed on every side by steep banks, with pools of water at the bottom.” <a href="#noteref-455" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-456" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天牢</span> “natural pens or prisons,” explained as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三面環絕易入難出</span> “places surrounded by precipices on three sides—easy to get into, but hard to get out of.” <a href="#noteref-456" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-457" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天羅</span>, explained as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">草木蒙密鋒鏑莫施</span> “places covered with such dense undergrowth that spears cannot be used.” <a href="#noteref-457" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-458" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天陷</span>, explained as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卑下汙𣾈車騎不通</span> “low-lying places, so heavy with mud as to be impassible for chariots and horsemen.” <a href="#noteref-458" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-459" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天隙</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兩山相向洞道狹惡</span> “a narrow difficult way between beetling cliffs,” but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">山澗迫狹地形深數尺長數丈者</span>, which seems to denote something on a much smaller scale. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> note is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地多溝坑坎陷木石</span> “ground covered with trees and rocks, and intersected by numerous ravines and pitfalls.” This is very vague, but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> explains it clearly enough as a defile or narrow pass: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兩邊險絕形狹長而數里</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> takes much the same view. On the whole, the weight of the commentators certainly inclines to the rendering “defile.” But the ordinary meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隙</span> (a crack or fissure) and the fact that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕澗</span> above must be something in the nature of a defile, make me think that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is here speaking of crevasses. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">郄</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隙</span>, with the same meaning; the latter also has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大害</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天郄</span>—a palpable gloss. <a href="#noteref-459" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-460" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍行</span>, but <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">旁</span> has been generally adopted as yielding much better sense. <a href="#noteref-460" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-461" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">險阻</span> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">邱阜之地</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>. <a href="#noteref-461" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-462" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">生</span>, so that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潢</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span> join to make a pair: “ponds and basins.” This is plausible enough at first sight, but there are several objections to the reading: (1) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣</span> is unlikely to have got into text as a gloss on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潢</span>; (2) it is easy to suppose, on the other hand, that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣</span> and afterwards <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">生</span> (to restore the balance of the sentence) were omitted by a copyist who jumped to the conclusion that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潢</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span> must go together; (3) the sense, when one comes to consider it, actually requires <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣</span>, for it is absurd to talk of pools and ponds as in themseles suitable places for an ambush; (4) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> (571–649 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>) in his <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵法</span> <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> has the words: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣潢蘙會則必索其伏</span>. This is evidently a reminiscence of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, so there can be little doubt that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣</span> stood in the text at this early date. It may be added that the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> both have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蔣</span>, and the latter also reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">幷</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span>. <a href="#noteref-462" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-463" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">小林</span> with the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> in preference to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">山林</span>, given in the original text, which is accepted by the commentators without question. The text of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> up to this point runs as follows: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">潢井蒹葭林木蘙會者</span>. <a href="#noteref-463" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-464" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">藏</span>, which has been restored from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">處</span> as well, making <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">所</span> a substantive. On <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">姦</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> has the note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">又慮姦細潛隱覘我虛實聽我號令伏姦當為兩事</span> “We must also be on our guard against traitors who may lie in close covert, secretly spying out our weaknesses and overhearing out instructions. <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chien</i> are to be taken separately.” <a href="#noteref-464" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-465" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Here begin <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> remarks on the reading of signs, much of which is so good that it could almost be included in a modern manual like <abbr>Gen.</abbr> Baden-Powell’s <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Aids to Scouting</i>. <a href="#noteref-465" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-466" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Probably because we are in a strong position from which he wishes to dislodge us. “If he came close up to us,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, “and tried to force a battle, he would seem to despise us, and there would be less probability of our responding to the challenge.” <a href="#noteref-466" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-467" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易</span> is here the opposite of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">險</span> used <a href="#chapter-9-p-18">previously</a> (“When the enemy is close at hand …”). The reading of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其所處者居易利也</span>, is pretty obviously corrupt. The original text, which transposes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">者</span>, may very possibly be right. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tells us that there is yet another reading: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">士爭其所居者易利也</span>. <a href="#noteref-467" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-468" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> explains this as “felling trees to clear a passage,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “Every army sends out scouts to climb high places and observe the enemy. If a scout sees that the trees of a forest are moving and shaking, he may know that they are being cut down to clear a passage for the enemy’s march.” <a href="#noteref-468" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-469" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Whenever the meaning of a passage happens to be somewhat elusive, <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop seems to consider himself justified in giving free rein to the imagination. Thus, though his text is here identical with ours, he renders the above: “Broken branches and trodden grass, as of the passing of a large host, must be regarded with suspicion.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu’s</span> explanation, borrowed from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, is as follows: “The presence of a number of screens or sheds in the midst of thick vegetation is a sure sign that the enemy has fled and, fearing pursuit, has constructed these hiding-places in order to make us suspect an ambush.” It appears that these “screens” were hastily knotted together out of any long grass which the retreating enemy happended to come across. <a href="#noteref-469" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-470" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü’s</span> explanation is doubtless right: “When birds that are flying along in a straight line suddenly shoot upwards, it means that soldiers are in ambush at the spot beneath.” <a href="#noteref-470" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-471" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As example of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">覆</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">fou</i>⁴ in the meaning of “ambuscade” may be found in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隱</span> 9th year: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">君為三覆以待之</span>. In the present passage, however, it is to be distinguished from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伏</span> just above, in that it implies onward motion on the part of the attacking force. Thus, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> defines it as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不意而至</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">來襲我也</span>. <a href="#noteref-471" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-472" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高而銳</span> “high and sharp,” or rising to a peak, is of course somewhat exaggerated as applied to dust. The commentators explain the phenomenon by saying that horses and chariots, being heavier than men, raise more dust, and also follow one another in the same wheel-track, whereas foot-soldiers would be marching in ranks, many abreast. According to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, “every army on the march must have scouts (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">探侯之人</span>) some way in advance, who on sighting dust raised by the enemy, will gallop back and report it to the commander-in-chief.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <abbr>Gen.</abbr> Baden-Powell: “As you move along, say, in a hostile country, your eyes should be looking afar for the enemy or any signs of him: figures, dust rising, birds getting up, glitter of arms, <abbr>etc.</abbr>”<a href="#note-781" id="noteref-781" epub:type="noteref">781</a> <a href="#noteref-472" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-473" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>There is some doubt about the reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">樵採</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">薪採</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> proposes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">薪來</span>. <a href="#noteref-473" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-474" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: “In apportioning the defences for a cantonment, light horse will be sent out to survey the position and ascertain the weak and strong points all along its circumference. Hence the small quantity of dust and its motion.” <a href="#noteref-474" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-475" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“As though they stood in great fear of us,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>. “Their object is to make us contemptuous and careless, after which they will attack us.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> alludes to the story of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">田單</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> State, who in 279 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> was hard-pressed in his defence of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">即墨</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-mo</span> against the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> forces, led by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">騎劫</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi Chieh</span>. In <abbr>ch.</abbr> 82 of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i> we read: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> openly said: ‘My only fear is that the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> army may cut off the noses of their <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> prisoners and place them in the front rank to fight against us; that would be the undoing of our city.’ The other side being informed of this speech, at once acted on the suggestion; but those within the city were enraged at seeing their fellow-countrymen thus mutilated, and fearing only lest they should fall into the enemy’s hands, were nerved to defend themselves more obstinately than ever. Once again <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> sent back converted spies who reported these words to the enemy: ‘What I dread most is that the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> may dig up the ancestral tombs outside the town, and by inflicting this indignity on our forefathers cause us to become fainthearted.’ Forthwith the besiegers dug up all the graves and burned the corpses lying in them. And the inhabitants of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-mo</span>, witnessing the outrage from the city-walls, wept passionately and were all impatient to go out and fight, their fury being increased tenfold. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> knew then that his soldiers were ready for any enterprise. But instead of a sword, he himself took a mattock in his hands, and ordered others to be distributed amongst his best warriors, while the ranks were filled up with their wives and concubines. He then served out all the remaining rations and bade his men eat their fill. The regular soldiers were told to keep out of sight, and the walls were manned with the old and weaker men and with women. This done, envoys were despatched to the enemy’s camp to arrange terms of surrender, whereupon the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> army began shouting for joy. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> also collected 20,000 ounces of silver from the people, and got the wealthy citizens of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-mo</span> to send it to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> general with the prayer that, when the town capitulated, he would not allow their homes to be plundered or their women to be maltreated. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi Chieh</span>, in high good humour, granted their prayer; but his army now became increasingly slack and careless. Meanwhile, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> got together a thousand oxen, decked them with pieces of red silk, painted their bodies, dragon-like, with coloured stripes, and fastened sharp blades on their horns and well-greased rushes on their tails. When night came on, he lighted the ends of the rushes, and drove the oxen through a number of holes which he had pierced in the walls, backing them up with a force of 5000 picked warriors. The animals, maddened with pain, dashed furiously into the enemy’s camp where they caused the utmost confusion and dismay; for their tails acted as torches, showing up the hideous pattern on their bodies, and the weapons on their horns killed or wounded any with whom they came into contact. In the meantime, the band of 5000 had crept up with gags in their mouths, and now threw themselves on the enemy. At the same moment a frightful din arose in the city itself, all those that remained behind making as much noise as possible by banging drums and hammering on bronze vessels, until heaven and earth were convulsed by the uproar. Terror-stricken, the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen</span> army fled in disorder, hotly pursued by the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, who succeeded in slaying their general <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi Chieh</span> … The result of the battle was the ultimate recovery of some seventy cities which had belonged to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> State.” <a href="#noteref-475" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-476" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I follow the original text here, also adopted by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>. The standard text reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">辭詭而强進驅者退也</span> on the strength of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> commentary <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">詭詐也</span>, which shows that his text included the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">詭</span>. Strong as this ground is, I do not think it can counterbalance the obvious superiority of the other reading in point of sense. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">詭</span> not only provides no antithesis to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卑</span>, but makes the whole passage absurd; for if the language of the enemy is calculated to deceive, it cannot be known as deceitful at the time, and can therefore afford no “sign.” Moreover, the extra word in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">强進驅者</span> (an awkward locution, by the way) spoils the parallelism with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">益備者</span>. <a href="#noteref-476" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-477" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The same, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, as the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">馳車</span> of <a href="#chapter-2-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span></a> (“In the operations of war …”). <a href="#noteref-477" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-478" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">出</span>. <a href="#noteref-478" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-479" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">約</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">要約</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">質盟之約</span> “a treaty confirmed by oaths and hostages.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, on the other hand, simply say <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無故</span> “without reason,” “on a frivolous pretext,” as though <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">約</span> bore the rather unusual sense of “important.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop has “without consultation,” which is too loose. <a href="#noteref-479" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-480" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Every man hastening to his proper place under his own regimental banner. <a href="#noteref-480" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-481" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I follow the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> in omitting <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">車</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> quotes the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXIX</span> <abbr>fol.</abbr> 31: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">車驟徒趨及表乃止</span>. <a href="#noteref-481" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-482" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>What <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> calls <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晷刻之期</span>, as opposed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">尋常之期</span>. <a href="#noteref-482" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-483" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is hardly right in translating: “An advance, followed by sudden retirement.” It is rather a case of feigned confusion. As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">偽為雜亂不整之狀</span>. <a href="#noteref-483" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-484" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仗</span> is here probably not a synonym for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">倚</span>, but = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵</span> “a weapon.” The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">杖而立者</span>, which has been corrected from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. <a href="#noteref-484" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-485" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> remarks: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">覩一人三軍可知也</span> “One may know the condition of a whole army from the behaviour of a single man.” The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先</span> may mean either that they drink before drawing water for the army or before they return to camp. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> takes the latter view. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has the faulty reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">汲役先飲者</span>, and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> worse still, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">汲設飲者</span>. <a href="#noteref-485" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-486" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Not necessarily “booty,” as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates it. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">向人見利</span>, <abbr>etc.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-486" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-487" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>A useful fact to bear in mind when, for instance, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽen Hao</span> says, the enemy has secretly abandoned his camp. <a href="#noteref-487" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-488" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Owing to false alarms; or, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> explains it: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">恐懼不安故夜呯以自壯也</span> “Fear makes men restless; so they fall to shouting at night in order to keep up their courage.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> inserts <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">喧</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呯</span>. <a href="#noteref-488" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-489" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> omit <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">旌</span>. <a href="#noteref-489" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-490" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>And therefore, as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop says, slow to obey. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> understands the sentence differently: “If all the officers of an army are angry with their general, it means that they are broken with fatigue” (owing to the exertions which he has demanded from them). <a href="#noteref-490" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-491" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">粟馬肉食</span> is expanded by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> (following <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>) into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">給糧以秣乎馬殺畜以饗乎士</span>, which is the sense I have given above. In the ordinary course of things, the men would be fed on grain and the horses chiefly on grass. <a href="#noteref-491" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-492" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">缶</span>, which is much the same as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">缻</span>, and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">箠</span>, which is manifestly wrong. <a href="#noteref-492" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-493" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">返</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> both read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">及</span>. <a href="#noteref-493" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-494" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">窮宼</span>, see <a href="#note-398">note 398</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>. I may quote here the illustrative passage from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 71, given in abbreviated form by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Wên Yün Fu</i>: “The rebel <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王國</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Kuo</span> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">梁</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liang</span> was besieging the town of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陳倉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên-tsʽang</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皇甫嵩</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-fu Sung</span>, who was in supreme command, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">董卓</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tung Cho</span> were sent out against him. The latter pressed for hasty measures, but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> turned a deaf ear to his counsel. At last the rebels were utterly worn out, and began to throw down their weapons of their own accord. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> was now for advancing to the attack, but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Cho</span> said: ‘It is a principle of war not to pursue desperate men and not to press a retreating host.’ <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span> answered: ‘That does not apply here. What I am about to attack is a jaded army, not a retreating host; with disciplined troops I am falling on a disorganised multitude, not a band of desperate men.’ Thereupon he advanced to the attack unsupported by his colleague, and routed the enemy, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Kuo</span> being slain.” The inferior reading of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> for this paragraph is as follows: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">殺馬肉食者軍無糧也縣缻不返其舍者窮宼也</span>. The first clause strikes me as rather shallow for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, and it is hard to make anything of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">縣缻</span> in the second without the negative. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, nothing daunted, set down in his first edition: “When they cast away their cooking-pots.” He now has: “When the cooking-pots are hung up on the wall.” <a href="#noteref-494" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-495" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諄諄</span> is well explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">乏氣聲促</span> “speaking with bated breath.” <a href="#noteref-495" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-496" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shuo Wên</i> rather strangely defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">翕</span> by the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">起</span>, but the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Êrh Ya</i> says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">合</span> “to join” or “contract,” which is undoubtedly its primary meaning. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> is right, then, in explaining it here by the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">聚</span>. The other commentators are very much at sea: <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">失志貌</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不眞</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">顚倒失次貌</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不安貌</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曠職事</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">患其上</span>. <a href="#noteref-496" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-497" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">入入</span> is said to be the same as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">如如</span>. <a href="#noteref-497" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-498" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">失衆</span> is equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">失其衆心</span>, the subject of course being “the general,” understood. In the original text, which seems to be followed by several commentators, the whole passage stands thus: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諄諄翕翕徐與人言者失衆也</span>. Here it would be the general who is talking to his men, not the men amongst themselves. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">翕</span>, which is the chief stumbling-block in the way of this reading, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> gives the very plausible emendation <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">𧬈</span> (also read <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">hsi</i>, and defined by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疾言</span> “to speak fast”). But this is unnecessary if we keep to the standard text. <a href="#noteref-498" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-499" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Because, when an army is hard pressed, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says, there is always a fear of mutiny, and lavish rewards are given to keep the men in good temper. <a href="#noteref-499" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-500" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Because in such case discipline becomes relaxed, and unwonted severity is necessary to keep the men to their duty. <a href="#noteref-500" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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<li id="note-501" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>I follow the interpretation of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先輕敵後聞其衆則心惡之也</span>, also adopted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>. Another possible meaning, set forth by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, is: “The general who is first tyrannical towards his men, and then in terror lest they should mutiny, <abbr>etc.</abbr>” This would connect the sentence with what before about rewards and punishments. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">情</span> “affection” instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">精</span>. <a href="#noteref-501" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-502" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">所以委質來謝此乃勢已窮或有他故必欲休息也</span> “If the enemy opens friendly relations by sending hostages, it is a sign that they are anxious for an armistice, either because their strength is exhausted or for some other reason.” But it hardly needs a <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> to draw such an obvious inference; and although <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> is supported by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, I cannot think that hostages are indicated by the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">委</span>. <a href="#noteref-502" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-503" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop falls into a trap which often lurks in the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">相</span>. He translates: “When both sides, eager for a fight, face each other for a considerable time, neither advancing nor retiring,” <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> Had he reflected a little, he would have seen that this is meaningless as addressed to a commander who has control over the movements of his own troops. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">相迎</span>, then, does not mean that the two armies go to meet each other, but simply that the other side comes up to us. Likewise with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">相去</span>. If this were not perfectly clear of itself, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> paraphrase would make it so: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怒而來逆我</span>, <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> points out, a manoeuvre of this sort may be only a <em>ruse</em> to gain time for an unexpected flank attack or the laying of an ambush. <a href="#noteref-503" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-504" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi’s</span> paraphrase, partly borrowed from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">權力均足矣</span>. Another reading, adopted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵非貴益多</span>, which <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop renders, much too loosely: “Numbers are no certain mark of strength.” <a href="#noteref-504" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-505" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Literally, “no martial advance.” That is to say, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span> “<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chêng</i>” tactics and frontal attacks must be eschewed, and stratagem resorted to instead. <a href="#noteref-505" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-506" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is an obscure sentence, and none of the commentators succeed in squeezing very good sense out of it. The difficulty lies chiefly in the words <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">取人</span>, which have been taken in every possible way. I follow <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, who appears to offer the simplest explanation: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惟得人者勝也</span> “Only the side that gets more men will win.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> note, concise as usual to the verge of incomprehensibility, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廝養足也</span>. Fortunately we have <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> to expound its meaning to us in language which is lucidity itself: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵力旣均又未見便雖未足剛進足以取人於廝養之中以并兵合力察敵而取勝不必假他兵以助己</span> “When the numbers are even, and no favourable opening presents itself, although we may not be strong enough to deliver a sustained attack, we can find additional recruits amongst our sutlers and camp-followers, and then, concentrating our forces and keeping a close watch on the enemy, contrive to snatch the victory. But we must avoid borrowing foreign soldiers to help us.” He then quotes from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 3: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">助卒名為十萬其實不過數萬耳</span> “The nominal strength of mercenary troops may by 100,000, but their real value will be not more than half that figure.” According to this interpretation, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">取人</span> means “to get recruits,” not from outside, but from the ragtag and bobtail which follows in the wake of a large army. This does not sound a very soldierly suggestion, and I feel convinced that it is not what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> meant. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, on the other hand, takes the words in a different sense altogether, namely “to conquer the enemy” (<abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#note-187">note 187</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>). But in that case they could hardly be followed by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">而已</span>. Better than this would be the rendering “to make isolated captures,” as opposed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武進</span> “a general attack.” <a href="#noteref-506" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-507" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The force of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫惟</span> is not easy to appreciate. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">殊無遠慮但輕敵者</span>, thus referring <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惟</span> to the second verb. He continues, quoting from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蜂蠆有毒而况國乎則小敵亦不可輕</span> “If bees and scorpions carry poison, how much more will a hostile state! [<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">僖公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXII</span> 3.] Even a puny opponent, then, should not be treated with contempt.” <a href="#noteref-507" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-508" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is wrongly translated by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop: “If the troops know the general, but are not affected by his punishments, they are useless.” <a href="#noteref-508" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-509" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">文</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, are here equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">法</span> respectively. Compare our two uses of the word “civil.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晏子</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen Tzǔ</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> 493) said of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司馬穰苴</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Jang-chü</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">文能附衆武能威敵也</span> “His civil virtues endeared him to the people; his martial prowess kept his enemies in awe.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 4 <abbr>init.</abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫總文武者軍之將也兼剛柔者兵之事也</span> “The ideal commander unites culture with a warlike temper; the profession of arms requires a combination of hardness and tenderness.” Again I must find fault with <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s translation: “By humane treatment we obtain obedience; authority brings uniformity.” <a href="#noteref-509" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-510" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令素行以教其人者也令素行則人服令素不行則人不服</span>. <a href="#noteref-510" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-511" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令素行者</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令素</span> is certainly awkward without <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">行</span>, but on the other hand it is clear that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> accepted the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> text, which is identical with ours. He says: “A general ought in time of peace to show kindly confidence in his men and also make his authority respected, so that when they come to face the enemy, orders may be executed and discipline maintained, because they all trust and look up to him.” What <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> has said in the previous paragraph, however, would lead one rather to expect something like this: “If a general is always confident that his orders will be carried out,” <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr> Hence I am tempted to think that he may have written <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令素信行者</span>. But this is perhaps too conjectural. <a href="#noteref-511" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-512" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">上以信使民民以信服上是上下相得也</span> “The general has confidence in the men under his command, and the men are docile, having confidence in him. Thus the gain is mutual.” He quotes a pregnant sentence from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 4: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">令之之法小過無更小疑無中</span> “The art of giving orders is not to try to rectify minor blunders and not to be swayed by petty doubts.” Vacillation and fussiness are the surest means of sapping the confidence of an army. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop winds up the chapter with a final mistranslation of a more than usually heinous description: “Orders are always obeyed, if general and soldiers are in sympathy.” Besides inventing the latter half of the sentence, he has managed to invert protasis and apodosis. <a href="#noteref-512" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-513" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Only about a third of the chapter, up to <a href="#chapter-10-p-13">“These six are the principles …”</a>, deals with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形</span>, the subject being more fully treated in <abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>. The “six calamities” are discussed in the next paragraphs (up to <a href="#chapter-10-p-20">“These are six ways of courting defeat …”</a>) and the rest of the chapter is again a mere string of desultory remarks, though not less interesting, perhaps on that account. <a href="#noteref-513" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-514" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">道路交達</span> “plentifully provided with roads and means of communication.” <a href="#noteref-514" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-515" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">網羅之地往必掛綴</span> “Net-like country, venturing into which you become entangled.” <a href="#noteref-515" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-516" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">支</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">久</span>. This meaning is still retained in modern phrases such as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">支托</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">支演</span> “stave off,” “delay.” I do not know why <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop calls <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">支地</span> “suspended ground,” unless he is confusing it with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">挂地</span>. <a href="#noteref-516" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-517" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The root idea in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隘</span> is narrowness; in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">險</span>, steepness. <a href="#noteref-517" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-518" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>It is hardly necessary to point out the faultiness of this classification. A strange lack of logical perception is shown in the Chinaman’s unquestioning of glaring cross-divisions such as the above. <a href="#noteref-518" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-519" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Generally speaking, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">平陸</span> “level country” is meant. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#note-444">note 444</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">處易</span>. <a href="#noteref-519" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-520" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">居通地</span>. <a href="#noteref-520" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-521" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>See <a href="#chapter-9-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span></a>, “Camp in high places, facing the sun.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先據其地</span>. <a href="#noteref-521" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-522" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>A curious use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span> as a verb, if our text is right. The general meaning is doubtless, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無使敵絕己糧道</span> “not to allow the enemy to cut your communications.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, who was not a soldier and can hardly have had any practical experience of fighting, goes more into detail and speaks of protecting the line of communications by a wall (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">壘</span>), or enclosing it by embankments on each side (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">作甬道</span>)! In view of Napoleon’s dictum, “the secret of war lies in the communications,”<a href="#note-782" id="noteref-782" epub:type="noteref">782</a> we could wish that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> had done more than skirt the edge of this important subject here and in <a href="#chapter-1-p-9">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a> (“By Method and discipline …”) and <a href="#chapter-7-p-11">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a> (“We may take it then that an army …”). <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson says: “The line of supply may be said to be said to be as vital to the existence of an army as the heart to the life of a human being. Just as the duelist who finds his adversary’s point menacing him with certain death, and his own guard astray, is compelled to conform to his adversary’s movements, and to content himself with warding off his thrusts, so the commander whose communications are suddenly threatened finds himself in a false position, and he will be fortunate if he has not to change all his plans, to split up his force into more or less isolated detachments, and to fight with inferior numbers on ground which he has not had time to prepare, and where defeat will not be an ordinary failure, but will entail the ruin or the surrender of his whole army.”<a href="#note-783" id="noteref-783" epub:type="noteref">783</a> <a href="#noteref-522" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-523" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Omitted by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop. <a href="#noteref-523" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-524" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is wrong in translating <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">返</span> “retreat from it.” <a href="#noteref-524" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-525" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不利</span> (an example of litotes) is paraphrased by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必受制</span> “you will receive a check.” <a href="#noteref-525" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-526" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">俱不便久相持也</span> “Each side finds it inconvenient to move, and the situation remains at a deadlock” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>). <a href="#noteref-526" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-527" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">佯背我去</span> “turning their backs on us and pretending to flee.” But this is only one of the lures which might induce us to quit our position. Here again <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利</span> is used as a verb, but this time in a different sense: “to hold out an advantage.” <a href="#noteref-527" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-528" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> paraphrases the passage in a curious jingle, the scheme of rhymes being <em>abcbdd</em>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">各居所險</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先出必敗</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利而誘我</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我不可愛</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">僞去引敵</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">半出而擊</span>. <a href="#noteref-528" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-529" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop says: “Defiles, make haste to occupy.” But this is a conditional clause, answering to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若敵先居之</span> in the next paragraph. <a href="#noteref-529" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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||
<li id="note-530" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Because then, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> observes, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皆制在我然後出奇以制敵</span> “the initiative will lie with us, and by making sudden and unexpected attacks we shall have the enemy at our mercy.” The commentators make a great bother about the precise meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">盈</span>, which to the foreign reader seems to present no difficulty whatever. <a href="#noteref-530" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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||
<li id="note-531" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形險隘尤不可致於人</span> “The particular advantage of securing heights and defiles is that your actions cannot then be dictated by the enemy.” (For the enunciation of the grand principle alluded to, see <a href="#chapter-6-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a>, “Therefore the clever combatant …”). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> tells the following anecdote of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">裴行儉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Hsing-chien</span> (<abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 619–682), who was sent on a punitive expedition against the Turkic tribes. “At nightfall he pitched his camp as usual, and it had already been completely fortified by wall and ditch, when suddenly he gave orders that the army should shift its quarters to a hill near by. This was highly displeasing to his officers, who protested loudly against the extra fatigue which it would entail on the men. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Hsing-chien</span>, however, paid no heed to their remonstrances and had the camp moved as quickly as possible. The same night, a terrific storm came on, which flooded their former place of encampment to the depth of over twelve feet. The recalcitrant officers were amazed at the sight, and owned that they had been in the wrong. ‘How did you know what was going to happen?’ they asked. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Hsing-chien</span> replied: ‘From this time forward be content to obey orders without asking unnecessary questions.’ [See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chiu Tʽang Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 84, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 12 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>, and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Tʽang Shu</i> <abbr>ch.</abbr> 108, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 5 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>.] From this it may be seen,” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> continues, “that high and sunny places are advantageous not only for fighting, but also because they are immune from disastrous floods.” <a href="#noteref-531" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-532" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The turning-point of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李世民</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Shih-min’s</span> campaign in 621 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> against the two rebels, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">竇建德</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tou Chien-tê</span>, King of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王世充</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Shih-chʽung</span>, Prince of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng</span>, was his seizure of the heights of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武牢</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu-lao</span>, in spite of which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tou Chien-tê</span> persisted in his attempt to relieve his ally in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lo-yang</span>, was defeated and taken prisoner. (See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chiu Tʽang Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 2, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 5 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>, and also <abbr>ch.</abbr> 54.) <a href="#noteref-532" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-533" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫通形均勢</span>. <a href="#noteref-533" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-534" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">挑戰</span> means <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">延敵</span> “challenging the enemy.” But the enemy being far away, that plainly involves, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">迎敵</span> “going to meet him.” The point of course is, that we must not think of undertaking a long and wearisome march, at the end of which <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是我困敵銳</span> “we should be exhausted and our adversary fresh and keen.” <a href="#noteref-534" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-535" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Or perhaps, “the principles relating to ground.” See, however, <a href="#chapter-1-p-7">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>, “Earth comprises distances …” <a href="#noteref-535" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-536" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">至任</span>. Out of the foregoing six <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形</span>, it will be noticed that <abbr>nos.</abbr> 3 and 6 have really no reference to the configuration of the country, and that only 4 and 5 can be said to convey any definite geographical idea. <a href="#noteref-536" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-537" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天地之災</span>. <a href="#noteref-537" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-538" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I take exception to <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s rendering of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陷</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">崩</span> as “distress” and “disorganisation,” respectively. <a href="#noteref-538" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-539" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-3-p-10">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a>, “Hence, though an obstinate fight …” The general’s fault here is that of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不料力</span> “not calculating the enemy’s strength.” It is obvious that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勢</span> cannot have the same force as <a href="#chapter-10-p-12">above</a> (“If you are situated at a great distance …”), where it was equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵力</span>. I should not be inclined, however, to limit, with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將之智勇兵之利銳</span> “the wisdom and valour of the general and the sharpness of the weapons.” As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> very justly remarks, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若得形便之地用奇伏之計則可矣</span> “Given a decided advantage in position, or the help of some stratagem such as a flank attack or an ambuscade, it would be quite possible [to fight in the ratio of one to ten].” <a href="#noteref-539" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-540" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">弛</span> “laxity”—the metaphor being taken from an unstrung bow. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “relaxation” is not good, on account of its ambiguity. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> cites the unhappy case of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">田布</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Pu</span> (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Tʽang Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 148), who was sent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> in 821 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> with orders to lead an army against <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王廷湊</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Tʽing-tsʽou</span>. But the whole time he was in command, his soldiers treated him with the utmost contempt, and openly flouted his authority by riding about the camp on donkeys, several thousands at a time. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Pu</span> was powerless to put a stop to this conduct, and when, after some months had passed, he made an attempt to engage the enemy, his troops turned tail and dispersed in every direction. After that, the unfortunate man committed suicide by cutting his throat. <a href="#noteref-540" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-541" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吏强欲進卒弱輒陷</span> “The officers are energetic and want to press on, the common soldiers are feeble and suddenly collapse.” Note that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">弱</span> is to be taken literally of physical weakness, whereas in the former clause it is figurative. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> makes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陷</span> equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敗</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> explains it as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陷沒於死地</span> “stumbling into a deathtrap.” <a href="#noteref-541" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-542" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大吏</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, and the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">小將</span> “generals of inferior rank.” But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> take the term as simply convertible with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大將</span>. <a href="#noteref-542" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-543" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> makes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大將</span>, understood, the subject of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怒</span>, which seems rather far-fetched. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi’s</span> note is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謂將怒不以理且不知裨佐之才激致其兇懟如山之崩壞也</span> “This means, the general is angry without just cause, and at the same time does not appreciate the ability of his subordinate officers; thus he arouse fierce resentment and brings an avalanche of ruin upon his head.” He takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">能</span>, therefore, in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">才</span>; but I think that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> is right in his paraphrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不顧能否</span> “they don’t care if it be possible or no.” My interpretation of the whole passage is that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> gives a long extract from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宣公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> 3, showing how the great battle of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">邲</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pi</span> (597 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>) was lost for the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span> State through the contumacy of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先縠</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsien Hu</span> and the resentful spite of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">魏錡</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei I</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趙旃</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Chan</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> also alludes to the mutinous conduct of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">欒黶</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Luan Yen</span> (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">襄公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIV</span> 3). <a href="#noteref-543" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-544" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span> (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 4) says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">上無疑令</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">則衆不二聽</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">動無疑事</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">則衆不二志</span> “If the commander gives his orders with decision, the soldiers will not wait to hear them twice; if his moves are made without vacillation, the soldiers will not be in two minds about doing their duty.” General Baden-Powell says, italicising the words: “The secret of getting successful work out of your trained men lies in one nutshell—in the clearness of the instructions they receive.”<a href="#note-784" id="noteref-784" epub:type="noteref">784</a> Assuming that clear instructions beget confidence, this is very much what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span> (<abbr>loc. cit.</abbr>) goes on to say: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">未有不信其心而能得其力者也</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> also <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span> <abbr>ch.</abbr> 3: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">用兵之害猶豫最大三軍之災生於狐疑</span> “the most fatal defect in a military leader is diffidence; the worst calamitites that befall an army arise from hesitation.” <a href="#noteref-544" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-545" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">史卒皆不拘常度</span> “Neither officers nor men have any regular routine” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>). <a href="#noteref-545" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-546" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> paraphrases the latter part of the sentence <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不選驍勇之士使為先鋒兵必敗北也</span>, and continues: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">凡戰必用精銳為前鋒者一則壯吾志一則挫敵威也</span> “Whenever there is fighting to be done, the keenest spirits should be appointed to serve in the front ranks, both in order to strengthen the resolution of our own men and to demoralise the enemy.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">primi ordines</i> of Caesar (<i lang="la" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="la">De Bello Gallico</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> 28, 44 et <abbr>al.</abbr>). There seems little to distinguish <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">北</span> from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">走</span> <a href="#chapter-10-p-15">above</a> (“Other conditions being equal …”), except that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">北</span> is a more forcible word. <a href="#noteref-546" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-547" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> makes them out to be: (1) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不量寡衆</span> “neglect to estimate the enemy’s strength;” (2) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">本乏刑德</span> “want of authority;” (3) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">失於訓練</span> “defective training;” (4) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">非理興怒</span> “unjustifiable anger;” (5) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">法令不行</span> “nonobservance of discipline;” (6) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不擇驍果</span> “failure to use picked men.” <a href="#noteref-547" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-548" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <a href="#chapter-10-p-13">supra</a>, “These six are the principles connected with Earth.” <a href="#noteref-548" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-549" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin’s</span> text has the reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">助</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天時不如地利</span> “The advantages of weather and season are not equal to those connected with ground.” <a href="#noteref-549" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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||
<li id="note-550" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The insertion of a “but” is necessary to show the connection of thought here. A general should always utilise, but never rely wholly on natural advantages of terrain. <a href="#noteref-550" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-551" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">制勝</span> is one of those condensed expressions which mean so much in Chinese, and so little in an English translation. What it seems to imply is complete mastery of the situation from the beginning. <a href="#noteref-551" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-552" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">計極險易利害遠近</span>. I am decidedly puzzled by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s translation: “an eye for steepness, <em>command</em> and distances.” Where did he find the word which I have put in italics? <a href="#noteref-552" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-553" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>A somewhat free translation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">道</span>. As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> remarks, these are <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵之本</span> “the essentials of soldiering,” ground being only a helpful accessory. <a href="#noteref-553" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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||
<li id="note-554" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-8-p-3">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a>, “… commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-shih Kung</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> dynasty, who is said to have been the patron of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張良</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Liang</span> and to have written the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三略</span>, has these words attributed to him: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">出軍行師將在自專進退內御則功難成故聖主明王跪而推轂</span> “The responsibility of setting an army in motion must devolve on the general alone; if advance and retreat are controlled from the Palace, brilliant results will hardly be achieved. Hence the godlike ruler and the enlightened monarch are content to play a humble part in furthering their country’s cause [<abbr>lit.</abbr>, kneel down to push the chariot wheel].” This means that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閫外之事將軍裁之</span> “in matters lying outside the zenana, the decision of the military commander must be absolute.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> also quotes the saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍中不聞天子之詔</span> “Decrees of the Son of Heaven do not penetrate the walls of a camp.” Napoleon, who has been accused of allowing his generals too little independence of action, speaks in the same sense: “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Un général en chef n’est pas à couvert de ses fautes à la guerre par un ordre de son souverain ou du ministre, quand celui qui le donne est éloigné du champ d’opération, et qu’il connaît pas du tout le dernier état des choses.</i>”<a href="#note-785" id="noteref-785" epub:type="noteref">785</a> <a href="#noteref-554" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-555" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>It was Wellington, I think, who said that the hardest thing of all for a soldier is to retreat. <a href="#noteref-555" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-556" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">合</span>, which is omitted by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, is said by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> to be equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歸</span>. If it had to be separately translated, it would be something like our word “accrue.” <a href="#noteref-556" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-557" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>A noble presentment, in few words, of the Chinese “happy warrior.” Such a man, says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">罪及其身不悔也</span> “even if he had to suffer punishment, would not regret his conduct.” <a href="#noteref-557" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-558" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-1-p-5">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>, “The Moral Law causes the people …” In this connection, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> draws for us an engaging picture of the famous general <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span>, from whose treatise on war I have frequently had occasion to quote: “He wore the same clothes and ate the same food as the meanest of his soldiers, refused to have either a horse to ride or a mat to sleep on, carried his own surplus rations wrapped in a parcel, and shared every hardship with his men. One of his soldiers was suffering from an abscess, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Chʽi</span> himself sucked out the virus. The soldier’s mother, hearing this, began wailing and lamenting. Somebody asked her, saying: ‘Why do you cry? Your son is only a common soldier, and yet the commander-in-chief himself has sucked the poison from his sore.’ The woman replied: ‘Many years ago, Lord <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> performed a similar service for my husband, who never left him afterwards, and finally met his death at the hands of the enemy. And now that he has done the same for my son, he too will fall fighting I know not where.’ ” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> mentions <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楚子</span> the Viscount of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>, who invaded the small state of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蕭</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao</span> during the winter. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">申公</span> The Duke of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shên</span> said to him: “Many of the soldiers are suffering severely from the cold.” So he made a round of the whole army, comforting and encouraging the men; and straightway they felt as if they were clothed in garments lined with floss silk. (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宣公</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> 5.) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> alludes to the same passage, saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">温言一撫士同挾纊</span>. <a href="#noteref-558" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-559" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop has got these three clauses quite wrong. The last he translates: “overindulgence may produce disorder.” <a href="#noteref-559" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-560" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-9-p-42">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span></a>, “If soldiers are punished …” We read in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">陰符經</span>, <abbr>pt.</abbr> 2: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">害生于思</span> “Injury comes out of kindness.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> once said that if you could make your soldiers afraid of you, they should not be afraid of the enemy. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> recalls an instance of stern military discipline which occurred in 219 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, when <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂蒙</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Mêng</span> was occupying the town of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">江陵</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chiang-ling</span>. He had given stringent orders to his army not to molest the inhabitants nor take anything from them by force. Nevertheless, a certain officer serving under his banner, who happened to be a fellow-townsman, ventured to appropriate a bamboo hat (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">笠</span>) belonging to one of the people, in order to wear it over his regulation helmet as a protection against the rain. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Mêng</span> considered that the fact of his being also a native of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">汝南</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ju-nan</span> should not be allowed to palliate a clear breach of discipline, and accordingly he ordered his summary execution, the tears rolling down his face, however, as he did so. This act of severity filled the army with wholesome awe, and from that time forth even articles dropped in the highway were not picked up. (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">San Kuo Chih</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 54, <abbr>f.</abbr> 13 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr> & <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>). <a href="#noteref-560" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-561" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>That is, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says, “the issue in this case is uncertain.” <a href="#noteref-561" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-562" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-3-p-13">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a>, “By commanding the army to advance …” <a href="#noteref-562" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-563" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I may take this opportunity of pointing out the rather nice distinction in meaning between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">擊</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">攻</span>. The latter is simply “to attack” without any further implication, whereas <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">擊</span> is a stronger word which in nine cases out of ten means “to attack with expectation of victory,” “to fall upon,” as we should say, or even “to crush.” On the other hand, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">擊</span> is not quite synonymous with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伐</span>, which is mostly used of operations on a larger scale, as of one State making war on another, often with the added idea of invasion. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">征</span>, finally, has special reference to the subjugation of rebels. See Mencius, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 2 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> 2. <a href="#noteref-563" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-564" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The reason being, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, that he has taken his measures so thoroughly as to ensure victory beforehand. “He does not move recklessly,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, “so that when he does move, he makes no mistakes.” Another reading substitutes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">困</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">迷</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">頓</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">窮</span>. The latter variant only is adopted by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. Note that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">窮</span> here means “at the end of his <em>mental</em> resources.” <a href="#noteref-564" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-565" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop makes the saying end here, which cannot be justified. <a href="#noteref-565" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-566" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地</span> are transposed for the sake of the jingle between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">全</span>. The original text, however, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知天知地</span>, and the correction has been made from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>. <a href="#noteref-566" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-567" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As opposed to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝之半</span>, above. The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝乃不窮</span>, the corruption being perhaps due to the occurrence of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不窮</span> in the preceding sentence. Here, however <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不窮</span> would not be synonymous with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不困</span>, but equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可以窮</span> “inexhaustible,” “beyond computation.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-5-p-11">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a>, “The direct and the indirect …” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has again supplied the true reading. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> sums up as follows: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人事天時地利三者同知則百戰百勝</span> “Given a knowledge of three things—the affairs of man, the seasons of heaven and the natural advantages of earth—, victory will invariably crown your battles.” <a href="#noteref-567" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-568" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> is not quite right in calling these <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勝敵之地</span>. As we shall see, some of them are highly disadvantageous from the military point of view. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> more correctly says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">用兵之地利害有九也</span> “There are nine military situations, good and bad.” One would like to distinguish the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地</span> from the six <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形</span> of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> by saying that the latter refer to the natural formation or geographical features of the country, while the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地</span> have more to do with the condition of the army, being <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地勢</span> “situations” as opposed to “grounds.” But it is soon found impossible to carry out the distinction. Both are cross-divisions, for among the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形</span> we have “temporising ground” side by side with “narrow passes,” while in the present chapter there is even greater confusion. <a href="#noteref-568" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-569" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>So called because the soldiers, being near to their homes and anxious to see their wives and children, are likely to seize the opportunity afforded by a battle and scatter in every direction. “In their advance,” observes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, “they will lack the valour of desperation, and when they retreat, they will find harbours of refuge.” The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">者</span>, which appears in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, seems to have been accidentally omitted in my edition of the standard text. <a href="#noteref-569" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-570" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> say <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">輕於退也</span> “because of the facility for retreating,” and the other commentators give similar explanations. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> remarks: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師出越境必焚舟梁示民無返顧之心</span> “When your army has crossed the border, you should burn your boats and bridges, in order to make it clear to everybody that you have no hankering after home.” I do not think that “disturbing ground,” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s rendering of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">輕地</span>, has anything to justify it. If an idiomatic translation is out of the question, one should at least attempt to be literal. <a href="#noteref-570" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-571" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I must apologise for using this word in a sense not known to the dictionary, <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> “to be contended for”—<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必爭之地</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">可以少勝衆弱勝强</span> “ground on which the few and the weak can defeat the many and the strong,” such as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">阨喉</span> “the neck of a pass,” instanced by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>. Thus, Thermopylae was a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">爭地</span>, because the possession of it, even for a few days only, meant holding the entire invading army in check and thus gaining invaluable time. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span> <abbr>ad init.</abbr>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以一擊十莫善於阨</span> “For those who have to fight in the ratio of one to ten, there is nothing better than a narrow pass.” When <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂光</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Kuang</span> was returning from his triumphant expedition to Turkestan in 385 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, and had got as far as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宜禾</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I-ho</span>, laden with spoils, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">梁熙</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liang Hsi</span>, administrator of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">涼州</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liang-chou</span>, taking advantage of the death of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu Chien</span>, King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>, plotted against him and was for barring his way into the province. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楊翰</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yang Han</span>, governor of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高昌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao-chʽang</span>, counselled him, saying: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Kuang</span> is fresh from his victories in the west, and his soldiers are vigorous and mettlesome. If we oppose him in the shifting sands of the desert, we shall be no match for him, and we must therefore try a different plan. Let us hasten to occupy the defile at the mouth of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高梧</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao-wu</span> pass, thus cutting him off from supplies of water, and when his troops prostrated with thirst, we can dictate our own terms without moving. Or if you think that the pass I mention is too far off, we could make stand against him at the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伊吾</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I-wu</span> pass, which is nearer. The cunning and resource of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子房</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tzǔ-fang</span> himself [<abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張良</span>] would be expended in vain against the enormous strength of these two positions.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liang Hsi</span>, refusing to act on this advice, was overwhelmed and swept away by the invader. (See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晉書</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 122, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 3 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歷代紀事年表</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 43, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 26.) <a href="#noteref-571" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-572" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is only a makeshift translation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交</span>, which according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> stands for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交錯</span> “ground covered with a network of roads,” like a chessboard. Another interpretation, suggested by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交通</span> “ground on which intercommunication is easy.” In either case, it must evidently be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">平原</span> “flat country,” and therefore <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可杜絕</span> “cannot be blocked.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通形</span>, <a href="#chapter-10-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span></a>. (“Ground which can be freely traversed …” <a href="#noteref-572" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-573" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我與敵相當而旁有他國也</span> “Our country adjoining the enemy’s and a third country conterminous with both.” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>.) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span> instances the small principality of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄭</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng</span>, which was bounded on the northeast by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">齊</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, on the west by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span>, and on the south by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>. <a href="#noteref-573" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-574" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天下</span> of course stands for the loose confederacy of states into which China was divided under the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> dynasty. The belligerent who holds this dominating position can constrain most of them to become his allies. See <a href="#chapter-11-p-48">infra</a>, “On open ground, I would …” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">衆</span> appears at first sight to be “the masses” or “population” of the Empire, but it is more probably, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諸侯之衆</span>. <a href="#noteref-574" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-575" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “path-ridden ground” might stand well enough for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交地</span> above, but it does not bring out the force of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">衢地</span>, which clearly denotes the central position where important highways meet. <a href="#noteref-575" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-576" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>After <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">多</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> intercalates the gloss <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">難以返</span>. <a href="#noteref-576" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-577" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> explains the name by saying that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵至此者事勢重也</span> “when an army has reached such a point, its situation is serious.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> instances (1) the victorious march of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">樂毅</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yo I</span> into the capital of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> in 284 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, and (2) the attack on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>, six years later, by the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">白起</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Chʽi</span>. <a href="#noteref-577" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-578" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Or simply, “forests.” I follow the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> in omitting the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">行</span> before <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">山林</span>, given in the standard text, which is not only otiose but spoils the rhythm of the sentence. <a href="#noteref-578" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-579" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圮</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">pʽi</i>³ (to be distinguished from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圯</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">i</i>⁴) is defined by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</span> (after the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shuo Wên</i> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">毀</span> “to destroy.” Hence <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圮地</span> as ground <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">經水所毀</span> “that has been ruined by water passing over it,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> simply as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">沮洳之地</span> “swampy ground.” But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> says that the word is specially applied to deep hollows—what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span>, he tells us, used to designate by the expressive term <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地獄</span> “earth-hells.” Compare the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天井</span> of <a href="#note-455">note 455</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span>. <a href="#noteref-579" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-580" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The situation, as pictured by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, is very similar to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">圍地</span>, except that here escape is no longer possible: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">前有高山後有大水進則不得退則有礙</span> “A lofty mountain in front, a large river behind, advance impossible, retreat blocked.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人在死地如坐漏船伏燒屋</span> “to be on ‘desperate ground’ is like sitting in a leaking boat or crouching in a burning house.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> quotes from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> a vivid description of the plight of an army thus entrapped: “Suppose an army invading hostile territory without the aid of local guides:—it falls into a fatal snare and is at the enemy’s mercy. A ravine on the left, a mountain on the right, a pathway so perilous that the horses have to be roped together and the chariots carried in slings, no passage open in front, retreat cut off behind, no choice but to proceed in single file (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鴈行魚貫之嚴</span>). Then, before there is time to range our soldiers in order of battle, the enemy in overwhelming strength suddenly appears on the scene. Advancing, we can nowhere take a breathing-space; retreating, we have no haven of refuge. We seek a pitched battle, but in vain; yet standing on the defensive, none of us has a moment’s respite. If we simply maintain our ground, whole days and months will crawl by; the moment we make a move, we have to sustain the enemy’s attacks on front and rear. The country is wild, destitute of water and plants; the army is lacking in the necessaries of life, the horses are jaded and the men worn-out, all the resources of strength and skill unavailing, the pass so narrow that single man defending it can check the onset of ten thousand; all means of offence in the hands of the enemy, all points of vantage already forfeited by ourselves:—in this terrible plight, even though we had the most valiant soldiers and the keenest of weapons, how could they be employed with the slightest effect?” Students of Greek history may be reminded of the awful close to the Sicilian expedition, and the agony of the Athenians under Nicias and Demosthenes. (See Thucydides, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 78 <abbr class="eoc">sqq.</abbr>) <a href="#noteref-580" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-581" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>But rather let all your energies be bent on occupying the advantageous position first. So <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and others, however, suppose the meaning to be that the enemy has already forestalled us, so that it the meaning to be that the enemy has already forestalled us, so that it would be sheer madness to attack. In the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孫子敘錄</span>, when the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> inquires what should be done in this case, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> replies: “The rule with regard to contentious ground is that those in possession have the advantage over the other side. If a position of this kind is secured first by the enemy, beware of attacking him. Lure him away by pretending to flee—show your banners and sound your drums—make a dash for other places that he cannot afford to lose—trail brushwood and raise a dust—counfound his ears and eyes—detach a body of your best troops, and place it secretly in ambuscade. Then your opponent will sally forth to the rescue.” <a href="#noteref-581" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-582" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Because the attempt would be futile, and would expose the blocking force itself to serious risks. There are two interpretations of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無絕</span>. I follow that of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可以兵阻絕其路</span>). The other is indicated in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> brief note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">相及屬也</span> “Draw closer together”—<abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr>, see that a portion of your own army is not cut off. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> points out that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交地</span> is only another name for the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通地</span> “accessible ground” of <a href="#chapter-10-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span></a> (“Ground which can be freely traversed …”), and says that the advice here given is simply a variation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">利糧道</span> “keep a sharp eye on the line of supplies,” be careful that your communications are not cut. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無相絕</span>. <a href="#noteref-582" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-583" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Or perhaps, “form alliances with neighbouring states.” Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> has: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">結諸侯也</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “cultivate intercourse” is much too timid and vague. The original text reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">交合</span>. <a href="#noteref-583" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-584" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>On this, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> has the following delicious note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">深入敵境不可非義失人心如漢高𥘲入秦無犯婦女無取寶貨得人心也此筌以掠字為無掠字</span> “When an army penetrates far into the enemy’s country, care must be taken not to alienate the people by unjust treatment. Follow the example of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao Tsu</span>, whose march into <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> territory was marked by no violation of women or looting of valuables. [Nota bene: this was in 207 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, and may well cause us to blush for the Christian armies that entered Peking in 1900 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>.] Thus he won the hearts of all. In the present passage, then, I think that the true reading must be, not <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">掠</span> ‘plunder,’ but <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無掠</span> ‘do not plunder.’ ” Alas, I fear that in this instance the worthy commentator’s feelings outran his judgment. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, at least, has no such illusions. He says: “When encamped on ‘serious ground,’ there being no inducement as yet to advance further, and no possibility of retreat, one ought to take measures for a protracted resistance by bringing in provisions from all sides, and keep a close watch on the enemy.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> also <a href="#chapter-2-p-9">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span></a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因糧於敵</span> (“Bring war material …”). <a href="#noteref-584" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-585" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Or, in the words of <a href="#chapter-8-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無舍</span> “do not encamp.” <a href="#noteref-585" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-586" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">發奇謀</span> “Try the effect of some unusual artifice;” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> amplifies this by saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">居此則當權謀詐譎可以免難</span> “In such a position, some scheme must be devised which will suit the circumstances, and if we can succeed in deluding the enemy, the peril may be escaped.” This is exactly what happened on the famous occasion when Hannibal was hemmed in among the mountains on the road to Casilinum, and to all appearances entrapped by the Dictator Fabius. The stratagem which Hannibal devised to baffle his foes remarkably like that which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> had also employed with success exactly 62 years before. (See <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span>, <a href="#note-475">note 475</a>.) When night came on, bundles of twigs were fastened to the horns of some 2000 oxen and set on first, the terrified animals being then quickly driven along the mountain side towards the passes which were beset by the enemy. The strange spectacle of these rapidly moving lights so alarmed and discomfited the Romans that they withdrew from their position, and Hannibal’s army passed safely through the defile. (See Polybius, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 93, 94; Livy, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXII</span> 16, 17.) <a href="#noteref-586" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-587" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> remarks: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">力戰或生守隅則死</span> “if you fight with all your might, there is a chance of life; whereas death is certain if you cling to your corner.” <a href="#noteref-587" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-588" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">所謂</span> is omitted in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> text. <a href="#noteref-588" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-589" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>More literally, “cause the front and rear to lose touch with each other.” <a href="#noteref-589" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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||
<li id="note-590" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I doubt if <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貴賤</span> can mean “officers and men,” as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates. This is wanted for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">上下</span>. <a href="#noteref-590" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-591" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">扶</span>, derived from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, must be considered very doubtful. The original text has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">救</span>, and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">收</span>. <a href="#noteref-591" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-592" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">卒離</span> “they scattered the enemy,” which cannot be right. <a href="#noteref-592" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-593" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> note makes the sense plain: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">或已離而不能合或雖合而不能齊</span>. All these clauses, of course, down to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不齊</span>, are dependent on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">使</span>, in the <a href="#chapter-11-p-15">previous paragraph</a>. <a href="#noteref-593" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
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<li id="note-594" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> connects this with the foregoing: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">然能使敵若此當須有利則動無利則止</span> “Having succeeded in thus dislocating the enemy, they would push forward in order to secure any advantage to be gained; if there was no advantage to be gained, they would remain where they were.” <a href="#noteref-594" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-595" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敢問</span> is like <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">或問</span>, introducing a supposed question. <a href="#noteref-595" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-596" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Opinions differ as to what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> had in mind. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> thinks it is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其所恃之利</span> “some strategical advantage on which the enemy is depending.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">據我便地畧我田野利其糧道斯三者敵人之所愛惜倚恃者也</span> “The three things which an enemy is anxious to do, and on the accomplishment of which his success depends, are: (1) to capture our favourable positions; (2) to ravage our cultivated land; (3) to guard his own communications.” Our object then must be to thwart his plans in these three directions and thus render him helpless. (<abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-3-p-3">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a>, “Thus the highest form of generalship …”) But this exegesis unduly strains the meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">奪</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">愛</span>, and I agree with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span>, who says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">所愛</span> does not refer only to strategical advantages, but is any person or thing that may happen to be of importance to the enemy. By boldly seizing the initiative in this way, you at once throw the other side on the defensive. <a href="#noteref-596" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-597" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵之情</span> means “the conditions of war,” not, as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop says, “the spirit of the troops.” According to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此統言兵之情狀</span> “this is a summary of leading principles in warfare,” and he adds: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此乃兵之深情將之至事也</span> “These are the profoundest truths of military science, and the chief business of the general.” The following anecdotes, told by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>, show the importance attached to speed by two of China’s greatest generals. In 227 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">孟達</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Ta</span>, governor of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">新城</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin-chʽêng</span> under the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Ti</span>, was meditating defection to the House of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu</span>, and had entered into correspondence with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span>, Prime Minister of that State. The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei</span> general <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span> was then military governor of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宛</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wan</span>, and getting wind of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Ta’s</span> treachery, he at once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt, having previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly import. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma’s</span> officers came to him and said: “If <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Ta</span> has leagued himself with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu</span>, the matter should be thoroughly investigated before we make a move.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span> replied: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Ta</span> is an unprincipled man, and we ought to go and punish him at once, while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the mask.” Then, by a series of forced marches, he brought his army under the walls of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin-chʽêng</span> within the space of eight days. Now <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Ta</span> had previously said in a letter to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu-ko Liang</span>: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wan</span> is 1200 <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i> from here. When the news of my revolt reaches <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span>, he will at once inform his Imperial master, but it will be a whole month before any steps can be taken, and by that time my city will be well fortified. Besides, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma I</span> is sure not to come himself, and the generals that will be sent against us are not worth troubling about.” The next letter, however, was filled with consternation: “Though only eight days have passed since I threw off my allegiance, an army is already at the city-gates. What miraculous rapidity is this!” A fortnight later, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin-chʽêng</span> had fallen and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Ta</span> had lost his head. (See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1, <abbr>f.</abbr> 3.) In 621 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> was sent from <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夔州</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽuei-chou</span> in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-chʽuan</span> to reduce the successful rebel <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蕭銑</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao Hsien</span>, who had set up as Emperor at the modern <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">荆州</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ching-chou Fu</span> in Hupeh. It was autumn, and the Yangtsze being then in flood, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao Hsien</span> never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come down through the gorges, and consequently made no preparations. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> embarked his army without loss of time, and was just about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for navigation. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> replied: “To the soldier, overwhelming speed is of paramount importance, and he must never miss opportunitites. Now is the time to strike, before <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao Hsien</span> even knows that we have got an army together. If we seize the present moment when the river is in flood, we shall appear before his capital with startling suddenness, like the thunder which is heard before you have time to stop your ears against it. [See <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>, <a href="#note-371">note 371</a>.] This is the great principle in war. Even if he gets to know of our approach, he will have to levy his soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to oppose us. Thus the full fruits of victory will be ours.” All came about as he predicted, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao Hsien</span> was obliged to surrender, nobly stipulating that his people should be spared and he alone suffer the penalty of death. (See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsin Tʽang Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 93, <abbr>f.</abbr> 1 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>) <a href="#noteref-597" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-598" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-13">supra</a>, “On serious ground, gather in plunder.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> does not venture on a note here. <a href="#noteref-598" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-599" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謹養</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>, means: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">撫循飲食周謹之</span> “Pet them, humour them, give them plenty of food and drink, and look after them generally.” <a href="#noteref-599" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-600" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> explains these words in a rhyming couplet: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">氣全力盛一發取勝</span>; and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> recalls the line of action adopted in 224 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> by the famous general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王翦</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Chien</span>, whose military genius largely contributed to the success of the First Emperor. He had invaded the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> State, where a universal levy was made to oppose him. But, being doubtful of the temper of his troops, he declined all invitations to fight and remained strictly on the defensive. In vain did the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> general try to force a battle: day after day <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Chien</span> kept inside his walls and would not come out, but devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and confidence of his men. He took care that they should be well fed, sharing his own meals with them, provided facilities for bathing, and employed every method of judicious indulgence to weld them into a loyal and homogenous body. After some time had elapsed, he told off certain persons to find out how the men were amusing themselves. The answer, that they were contending with one another in putting the weight and long-jumping (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">投石超距</span>). When <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Chien</span> heard that they were engaged in these athletic pursuits, he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the required pitch and that they were now ready for fighting. By this time the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> army, after repeating their challenge again and again, had marched away eastwards in disgust. The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> general immediately broke up his camp and followed them, and in the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter. Shortly afterwards, the whole of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> was conquered by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>, and the king <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">負芻</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fu-chʽu</span> led into captivity. (See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 73, <abbr>f.</abbr> 5 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>. It should be noted that, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楚</span> being a taboo character under the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> dynasty, the name figures as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">荆</span> throughout.) <a href="#noteref-600" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-601" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>In order that the enemy may never know exactly where you are. It has struck me, however, that the true reading might be, not <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">運兵</span>, but <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">連兵</span> “link your army together” (<abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-46">supra</a>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吾將使之屬</span> “Therefore, on dispersive ground …”), which would be more in keeping with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">併氣積力</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop cuts the Gordian knot by omitting the words altogether. <a href="#noteref-601" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-602" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽang Yü’s</span> paraphrase is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">常為不可測度之計</span>. <a href="#noteref-602" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-603" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> Nicias’ speech to the Athenians: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τό τε ξύμπαν γνῶτε, ὦ ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, ἀναγκαῖόν τε ὂν ὑμῖν ἀνδράσιν ἀγαθοῖς γίγνεσθαι ὡς μὴ ὄντος χωρίου ἐγγὺς ὅποι ἂν μαλακισθέντες σωθείητε,</span> <abbr>etc.</abbr> (Thucydides <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 77 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>) <a href="#noteref-603" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-604" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死</span> by itself constitutes the protasis, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">焉</span> is the interrogative = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">安</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop makes the protasis end with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">得</span>: “If there be no alternative but death.” But I do not see how this is to be got out of the Chinese. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> gives a clear paraphrase: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">士卒死戰安不得志</span>, and quotes his favourite <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Liao Tzǔ</span> (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 3): <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">一夫仗劔擊於巿萬人無不避之者臣謂非一人之獨勇萬人皆不肖也何則必死與必生固不侔也</span> “If one man were to run amok with a sword in the marketplace, and everybody else tried to get out of his way, I should not allow that this man alone had courage and that all the rest were contemptible cowards. The truth is, that a desperado and a man who sets some value on his life do not meet on even terms.” <a href="#noteref-604" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-605" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">士人</span> appears to stand for the more usual <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">士卒</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">同在難地安得不共竭其力</span> “If they are in an awkward place together, they will surely exert their united strength to get out of it.” <a href="#noteref-605" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-606" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop weakly says: “there is unity,” as though the text were <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">則專</span>, as <a href="#chapter-11-p-20">above</a> (“The following are the principles …”). But <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">拘</span> introduces quite a new idea—that of <em>tenacity</em>—which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> tries to explain by the word <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">縛</span> “to bind fast.” <a href="#noteref-606" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-607" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不待修整而自戒懼</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop wrongly translates <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不修</span> “without warnings.” <a href="#noteref-607" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-608" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “without asking, you will get.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü’s</span> paraphrase is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不求索而得情意</span>. <a href="#noteref-608" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-609" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不約束而親上</span>. <a href="#noteref-609" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-610" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This last clause is very similar in sense to the one preceding, except that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">親</span> indicates the soldiers’ attachment to their leader, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span> the leader’s attitude towards them. I rather doubt if <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span> can mean “they will have confidence in their leader,” as the commentary seems to indicate. That way, the sense is not nearly so good. On the other hand, it is just possible that here, as in <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>, <a href="#note-416">note 416</a> and <a href="#note-663">note 663</a>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span> may = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">申</span>: “without orders, they will carry out [their leader’s plans].” The whole of this paragraph, of course, has reference to “desperate ground.” <a href="#noteref-610" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-611" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">祥</span> is amplified by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">妖祥之言</span>, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疑</span> into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疑惑之計</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma Fa</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 3: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">滅厲祥</span>. <a href="#noteref-611" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-612" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The superstitious, “bound in to saucy doubts and fears,” degenerate into cowards and “die many times before their deaths.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> quotes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-shih Kung</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">禁巫祝不得為吏士卜問軍之吉凶恐亂軍士之心</span> “ ‘Spells and incantations should be strictly forbidden, and no officer allowed to inquire by divination into the fortunes of an army, for fear the soldiers’s minds should be seriously perturbed.’ The meaning is,” he continues, “that if all doubts and scruples are discarded, your men will never falter in their resolution until they die.” The reading of the standard text is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無所之</span> “there will be no refuge,” which does not fit in well here. I therefore prefer to adopt the variant <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">災</span>, which evidently stood in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan’s</span> text. <a href="#noteref-612" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-613" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> has the best note on this passage: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貨與壽人之所愛也所以燒擲財寶割棄性命者非懀惡之也不得已也</span> “Wealth and long life are things for which all men have a natural inclination. Hence, if they burn or fling away valuables, and scarifice their own lives, it is not that they dislike them, but simply that they have no choice.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is slyly insinuating that, as soldiers are but human, it is for the general to see that temptations to shirk fighting and grow rich are not thrown in their way. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, mistaking <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惡</span> for the adjective, has: “not because money is a bad thing … not because long life is evil.” <a href="#noteref-613" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-614" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The word in the Chinese is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">涕</span> “snivel.” This is taken to indicate more genuine grief than tears alone. <a href="#noteref-614" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-615" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Not because they are afraid, but because, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皆持必死之計</span> “all have embraced the firm resolution to do or die.” We may remember that the heroes of the Iliad were equally childlike in showing their emotion. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> alludes to the mournful parting at the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I</span> River between <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">荆軻</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ching Kʽo</span> and his friends, when the former was sent to attempt the life of the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> (afterwards First Emperor) in 227 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. The tears of all flowed down like rain as he bade them farewell and uttered the following lines: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">風蕭蕭兮</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易水寒</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">壯士一去兮</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不復還</span> “The shrill blast is blowing, Chilly the burn; Your champion is going—Not to return.”<a href="#note-786" id="noteref-786" epub:type="noteref">786</a> <a href="#noteref-615" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-616" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諸</span> was the personal name of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">專諸</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuan Chu</span>, a native of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> State and contemporary with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> himself, who was employed by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">公子光</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kung-tzǔ Kuang</span>, better known as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Lü Wang</span>, to assassinate his sovereign <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">王僚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Liao</span> with a dagger which he secreted in the belly of a fish served up at a banquet. He succeeded in his attempt, but was immediately hacked to pieces by the king’s bodyguard. This was in 515 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. The other hero referred to, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曹劌</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span> (or <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">沫</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mo</span>), performed the exploit which has made his name famous 166 years earlier, in 681 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu</span> had been thrice defeated by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, and was just about to conclude a treaty surrendering a large slice of territory, when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span> suddenly seized <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">桓公</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan Kung</span>, the Duke of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, as he stood on the altar steps and held a dagger against his chest. None of the Duke’s retainers dared to move a muscle, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span> proceeded to demand full restitution, declaring that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu</span> was being unjustly treated because she was a smaller and weaker state. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan Kung</span>, in peril of his life, was obliged to consent, whereupon <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span> flung away his dagger and quietly resumed his place amid the terrified assemblage without having so much as changed colour. As was to be expected, the Duke wanted afterwards to repudiate the bargain, but his wise old counsellor <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">管仲</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuan Chung</span> pointed out to him the impolicy of breaking his word, and the upshot was that this bold stroke regained for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lu</span> the whole of what she had lost in three pitched battles. (For another anecdote of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kuei</span> see <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>, <a href="#note-385">note 385</a>; and for the biographies of these three bravos, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuan</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ching</span>, see <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Chi</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 86.) <a href="#noteref-616" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-617" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">率然</span> means “suddenly” or “rapidly,” and the snake in question was doubtless so called owing to the rapidity of its movements. Through this passage, the term has now come to be used in the sense of “military manoeuvres.” The <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">常山</span> have apparently not been identified. <a href="#noteref-617" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-618" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Another reading in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">中</span> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">腹</span> “belly.” <a href="#noteref-618" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-619" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>That is, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">可使兵首尾率然相應如一體乎</span> “Is it possible to make the front and rear of an army each swiftly responsive to attack on the other, just as though they were parts of a single living body?” <a href="#noteref-619" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-620" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-6-p-21">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a>, “Though according to my estimate …” <a href="#noteref-620" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-621" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The meaning is: If two enemies will help each other in a time of common peril, how much more should two parts of the same army, bound together as they are by every tie of interest and fellow-feeling. Yet it is notorious that many a campaign has been ruined through lack of cooperation, especially in the case of allied armies. <a href="#noteref-621" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-622" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">方</span> is said here to be equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">縛</span>. <a href="#noteref-622" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-623" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>These quaint devices to prevent one’s army from running away recall the Athenian hero Sôphanes, who carried an anchor with him at the battle of Plataea, by means of which he fastened himself firmly to one spot. (See Herodotus, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span> 74.) It is not enough, says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, to render flight impossible by such mechanical means. You will not succeed unless your man have tenacity and unity of purpose, and, above all, a spirit of sympathetic cooperation. This is the lesson which can be learned from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shuai-jan</i>. <a href="#noteref-623" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-624" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “level the courage [of all] as though [it were that of] one.” If the ideal army is to form a single organic whole, then it follows that the resolution and spirit of its component parts must be of the same quality, or at any rate must not fall below a certain standard. Wellington’s seemingly ungrateful description of his army at Waterloo as “the worst he had ever commanded” meant no more than that it was deficient in this important particular—unity of spirit and courage. Had he not foreseen the Belgian defections and carefully kept those troops in the background, he would almost certainly have lost the day. <a href="#noteref-624" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-625" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is rather a hard sentence on the first reading, but the key to it will be found, firstly, in the pause after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">得</span>, and next, in the meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">得</span> itself. The best equivalent for this that I can think of is the German <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">zur Geltung kommen</i>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> paraphrase is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵無强弱皆得用者是困地之勢也</span> “The way to eliminate the differences of strong and weak and to make both serviceable is to utilise accidental features of the ground.” Less reliable troops, if posted in strong positions, will hold out as long as better troops on more exposed terrain. The advantage of position neutralises the inferiority in stamina and courage. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson says: “With all respect to the text books, and to ordinary tactical teaching, I am inclined to think that the study of ground is often overlooked, and that by no means sufficient importance is attached to the selection of positions … and to the immense advantages that are to be derived, whether you are defending or attacking, from the proper utilisation of natural features.”<a href="#note-787" id="noteref-787" epub:type="noteref">787</a> <a href="#noteref-625" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-626" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">喩易也</span> “The simile has reference to the ease with which he does it.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不得已</span> means that he makes it impossible for his troops to do otherwise than obey. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> quotes a jingle, to be found in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 4: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將之所揮</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">莫不從移</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將之所指</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">莫不前死</span>. <a href="#noteref-626" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-627" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">靜</span> seems to combine the meanings “noiseless” and “imperturbable,” both of which attributes would of course conduce to secrecy. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">幽</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">幽深難測</span> “deep and inscrutable,” and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">平正無偏</span> “fair and unbiased.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> alone among the commentators takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span> in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">自治</span> “self-controlled.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">幽</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span> are causally connected with <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">靜</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">正</span> respectively. This is not brought out at all in <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s rendering: “The general should be calm, inscrutable, just and prudent.” The last adjective, moreover, can in no sense be said to represent <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span>. <a href="#noteref-627" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-628" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “to deceive their eyes and ears”—<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">愚</span> being here used as a verb in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">誤</span>. <a href="#noteref-628" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-629" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> gives us one of his excellent apophthegms: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">民可與樂成不可與慮始</span> “The troops must not be allowed to share your schemes in the beginning; they may only rejoice with you over their happy outcome.” “To mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy,” is one of the first principles in war, as has been frequently pointed out. But how about the other process—the mystification of one’s own men? Those who may think that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is over-emphatic on this point would do well to read <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson’s remarks on Stonewall Jackson’s Valley campaign: “The infinite pains,” he says, “with which Jackson sought to conceal, and his thoughts, a commander less thorough would have pronounced useless”—<abbr>etc.</abbr> <abbr class="eoc">etc.</abbr><a href="#note-788" id="noteref-788" epub:type="noteref">788</a> In the year 88 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, as we read in <abbr>ch.</abbr> 47 of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> took the field with 25,000 men from Khotan and other Central Asian states with the object of crushing Yarkand. The King of Kutcha replied by dispatching his chief commander to succour the place with an army drawn from the kingdoms of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên-su</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ku-mo</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei-tʽou</span>, totalling 50,000 men. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> summoned his officers and also the King of Khotan to a council of war, and said: ‘Our forces are now outnumbered and unable to make head against the enemy. The best plan, then, is for us to separate and disperse, each in a different direction. The King of Khotan will march away by the easterly route, and I will then return myself towards the west. Let us wait until the evening drum has sounded and then start.’ <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> now secretly released the prisoners whom he had taken alive, and the King of Kutcha was thus informed of his plans. Much elated by the news, the latter set off at once at the head of 10,000 horsemen to bar <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao’s</span> retreat in the west, while the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên-su</span> rode eastwards with 8000 horse in order to intercept the King of Khotan. As soon as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> knew that the two chieftains had gone, he called his divisions together, got them well in hand, and at cockcrow hurled them against the army of Yarkand, as it lay encamped. The barbarians, panic-stricken, fled in confusion, and were closely pursued by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span>. Over 5000 heads were brought back as trophies, besides immense spoils in the shape of horses and cattle and valuables of every description. Yarkand then capitulating, Kutcha and the other kingdoms drew off their respective forces. From that time forward, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao’s</span> prestige completely overawed the countries of the west.” In this case, we see that the Chinese general not only kept his own officers in ignorance of his real plans, but actually took the bold step of dividing his army in order to deceive the enemy. <a href="#noteref-629" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-630" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> thinks that this means, not using the same stratagem twice. He says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">已行之事已施之謀當革易之不可再之</span>. <a href="#noteref-630" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-631" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Note that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人</span> denotes the <em>enemy</em>, as opposed to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">士卒</span> of the previous paragraph. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, not perceiving this, joins the two paragraphs into one. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> quotes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太白山人</span> as saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兵貴詭道者非止詭敵也抑詭我士卒使由而不使知之也</span> “The axiom, that war is based on deception, does not apply only to deception of the enemy. You must deceive even your own soldiers. Make them follow you, but without letting them know why.” <a href="#noteref-631" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-632" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> paraphrases <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易其居</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">處易者</span> “camp on easy ground,” and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> follows him, saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其居則去險而就易</span>. But his is an utterly untenable view. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">迂其途</span>, <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#note-349">note 349</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, retaining his old interpretation of those words, is now obliged to explain <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">易其居</span> as “cause the enemy to shift his camp,” which is awkward in the extreme. <a href="#noteref-632" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-633" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I must candidly confess that I do not understand the syntax of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">帥與之期</span>, though the meaning is fairly plain. The difficulty has evidently been felt, for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tells us that one text omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">期如</span>. It is more likely, however, that a couple of characters have dropped out. <a href="#noteref-633" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-634" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">發其機</span>, literally, “releases the spring” (see <a href="#chapter-5-p-15">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a>, “Energy may be likened …”), that is, takes some decisive step which makes it impossible for the army to return—like <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">項羽</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiang Yü</span>, who sunk his ships after crossing a river. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span>, followed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span>, understands the words less well as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">發其心機</span> “puts forth every artifice at his command.” But <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">機</span> in this derived sense occurs nowhere else in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. <a href="#noteref-634" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-635" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Omitted in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>. <a href="#noteref-635" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-636" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> inserts another <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">驅</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">羊</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三軍但知進退之命不知攻取之端也</span> “The army is only cognisant of orders to advance or retreat; it is ignorant of the ulterior ends of attacking and conquering.” <a href="#noteref-636" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-637" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> means that after mobilisation there should be no delay in aiming a blow at the enemy’s heart. With <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">投之於險</span> <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-23">supra</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">投之無所往</span> “Throw your soldiers …”. Note how he returns again and again to this point. Among the warring states of ancient China, desertion was no doubt a much more present fear and serious evil than it is in the armies of today. <a href="#noteref-637" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-638" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地之法不可拘泥</span> “One must not be hidebound in interpreting the rules for the nine varieties of ground. <a href="#noteref-638" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-639" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The use of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">屈伸</span> “contraction and expansion” may be illustrated by the saying <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">屈以求伸</span>, which almost exactly corresponds to the French <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">il faut reculer pour mieux sauter</i>.<a href="#note-789" id="noteref-789" epub:type="noteref">789</a> <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">more suo</i>, avoids a real translation and has: “the suiting of the means to the occasion.” <a href="#noteref-639" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-640" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-20">supra</a>, “The following are the principles …” <a href="#noteref-640" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-641" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü’s</span> paraphrase is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">而用師者</span>. <a href="#noteref-641" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-642" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This “ground” is cursorily mentioned in <a href="#chapter-8-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a> (“When in difficult country …”), but it does not figure among the Nine <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地</span> of this chapter or the Six <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">地形</span> in <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span>. One’s first impulse would be to translate it “distant ground” (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕域</span> is commonly used in the sense of “distant lands”), but this, if we can trust the commentators, is precisely what is not meant here. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says it is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">進不及輕退不及散在二地之間也</span> “a position not far enough advanced to be called ‘facile,’ and not near enough to home to be called ‘dispersive,’ but something between the two.” That, of course, does not explain the name <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">絕</span>, which seems to imply that the general has severed his communications and temporarily cut himself off from his base. Thus, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> says: “It is ground separated from home by an interjacent state, whose territory we have had to cross in order to reach it. Hence it is incumbent on us to settle our business there quickly.” He adds that this position is of rare occurrence, which is the reason why it is not included among the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop gives but a poor rendering of this sentence: “To leave home and cross the borders is to be free from interference.” <a href="#noteref-642" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-643" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">達</span>. <a href="#noteref-643" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-644" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>From <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">四達</span> down to <a href="#chapter-11-p-45">“When you have the enemy’s strongholds …”</a>, we have some of the definitions of the early part of the chapter repeated in slightly different language. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits these altogether. <a href="#noteref-644" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-645" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">固</span> = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">險固</span>. <a href="#noteref-645" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-646" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This end, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>, is best attained by remaining on the defensive, and avoiding battle. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-11">supra</a>, “On dispersive ground …” <a href="#noteref-646" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-647" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其</span> instead of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span>. The present reading is supported by the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">遺說</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chêng Yu-hsien</span>. As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says, the object is to guard against two possible contingencies: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">一者備其逃逸二者恐其敵至</span> “(1) the desertion of our own troops; (2) a sudden attack on the part of the enemy.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-7-p-17">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其徐如林</span> “… your compactness that of the forest.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">行則隊校相繼止則營壘聯屬</span> “On the march, the regiments should be in close touch; in an encampment, there should be continuity between the fortifications.” He seems to have forgotten, by the way, what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> says above: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">輕地則無止</span>. <a href="#noteref-647" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-648" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> interpretation. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> adopts it, saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">當疾進其後使首尾俱至</span> “We must quickly bring up our rear, so that head and tail may both reach the goal.” That is, they must not be allowed to straggle up a long way apart. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> offers another equally plausible explanation: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵未至其地我若在後則當疾趨以爭之</span> “Supposing the enemy has not yet reached the coveted position, and we are behind him, we should advance with all speed in order to dispute its possession.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其</span> would thus denote the enemy, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">後</span> being the preposition, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趨</span> would retain its usual intransitive sense. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-7-p-4">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">後人發先人至</span> “Thus, to take a long and circuitous route …” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span>, on the other hand, assuming that the enemy has had time to select his own ground, quotes <a href="#chapter-6-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a> (“Whoever is first in the field …”), where <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> warns us against coming exhausted to the attack. His own idea of the situation is rather vaguely expressed: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若地利在前先分精銳以據之彼若恃衆來爭我以大衆趨其後無不尅者</span> “If there is a favourable position lying in front of you, detach a picked body of troops to occupy it; then if the enemy, relying on their numbers, come up to make a fight for it, <em>you may fall quickly on their rear</em> with your main body, and victory will be assured.” It was thus, he adds, that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Shê</span> beat the army of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>. (See <a href="#note-349">note 349</a>) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> would read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">多</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趨</span>, it is not easy to see why. <a href="#noteref-648" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-649" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> says, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">懼襲我也</span> “fearing a surprise attack.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads here <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">固其結</span> (see next sentence). <a href="#noteref-649" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-650" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謹其巿</span>, which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> explains as “watching the market towns,” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變事之端</span> “the hotbeds of revolution.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">固其結</span> by the same words as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">合交</span> <a href="#chapter-11-p-12">above</a> (“On open ground …”): “cultivate intercourse.” <a href="#noteref-650" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-651" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The commentators take this as referring to forage and plunder, not, as one might expect, to an unbroken communication with a home base. One text, indeed, gives the reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">掠其食</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-13">supra</a>, “On serious ground …” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “be careful of supplies” fails to render the force of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">繼</span>. <a href="#noteref-651" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-652" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s “do not linger” cannot be called a translation, but only a paraphrase of the paraphrase offered by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疾過去也</span> “Pass away from it in all haste.” <a href="#noteref-652" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-653" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">意欲突圍示以守固</span> “To make it seem that I mean to defend the position, whereas my real intention is to burst suddenly through the enemy’s lines” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span>); <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">使士卒必死戰也</span> “in order to make my soldiers fight with desperation” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>); <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">懼人有走心</span> “fearing lest my men be tempted to run away” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> points out that this is the converse of <a href="#chapter-7-p-36">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a> (“When you surround an army …”), where it is the enemy who is surrounded. In 532 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高歡</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao Huan</span>, afterwards Emperor and canonised as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神武</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shên-wu</span>, was surrounded by a great army under <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">爾朱兆</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Êrh-chu Chao</span> and others. His own force was comparatively small, consisting only of 2000 horse and something under 30,000 foot. The lines of investment had not been drawn very closely together, gaps being left at certain points. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao Huan</span>, instead of trying to escape, actually made a shift to block all the remaining outlets himself by driving into them a number of oxen and donkeys roped together. As soon as his officers and men saw that there was nothing for it but to conquer or die, their spirits rose to an extraordinary pitch of exaltation, and they charged with such desperate ferocity that the opposing ranks broke and crumbled under their onslaught. (See <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> commentary, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">北齊書</span> <abbr>ch.</abbr> 1, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 6.) <a href="#noteref-653" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-654" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">焚輜重窠糧食塞井夷竈示之無活必殊死戰也</span> “Burn your baggage and impedimenta, throw away your stores and provisions, choke up the wells, destroy your cooking-stoves, and make it plain to your men that they cannot survive, but must fight to the death.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says epigrammatically: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必死可生</span> “The only chance of life lies in giving up all hope of it.” This concludes what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> has to say about “grounds” and the “variations” corresponding to them. Reviewing the passages which bear on this important subject, we cannot fail to be struck by the desultory and unmethodical fashion in which it is treated. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> begins abruptly in <a href="#chapter-8-p-2">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a> (“When in difficult country …”) to enumerate “variations” before touching on “grounds” at all, but only mentions five, namely <abbr>nos.</abbr> 7, 5, 8 and 9 of the subsequent list, and one that is not included in it. A few varieties of ground are dealt with in the earlier portion of <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span>, and then <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span> sets forth six new grounds, with six variations of plan to match. None of these is mentioned again, though the first is hardly to be distinguished from ground <abbr>no.</abbr> 4 in the next chapter. At last, in <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, we come to the Nine Grounds <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">par excellence</i>, immediately followed by the variations. This takes us down to <a href="#chapter-11-p-14">“On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.”</a> Starting at <a href="#chapter-11-p-43">“When you leave your own country behind …”</a>, fresh definitions are provided for <abbr>nos.</abbr> 5, 6, 2, 8 and 9 (in the order given), as well as for the tenth ground noticed in chap <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>; and finally, the nine variations are enumerated once more from beginning to end, all, with the exception of 5, 6 and 7, being different from those previously given. Though it is impossible to account for the present state of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> text, a few suggestive facts may be brought into prominence: (1) <abbr>Chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>, according to the title, should deal with nine variations, whereas only five appear. (2) It is an abnormally short chapter. (3) <abbr>Chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> is entitled The Nine Grounds. Several of these are defined twice over, besides which there are two distinct lists of the corresponding variations. (4) The length of the chapter is disproportionate, being double that of any other except <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span>. I do not propose to draw inferences from these facts, beyond the general conclusion that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> work cannot have come down to us in the shape in which it left his hands: <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span> is obviously defective and probably out of place, while <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span> seems to contain matter that has either been added by a later hand or ought to appear elsewhere. <a href="#noteref-654" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-655" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">過則從</span> is rendered by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop: “to pursue the enemy if he retreat.” But <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">過</span> cannot mean “to retreat.” Its primary sense is to pass over, hence to go too far, to exceed or to err. Here, however, the word has lost all implication of censure, and appears to mean “to pass the boundary line dividing safety from danger,” or, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> puts it, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">深陷于危難之地</span> “to be deeply involved in a perilous position.” The latter commentator alludes to the conduct of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao’s</span> devoted followers in 73 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>. The story runs thus in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 47, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 1 <abbr>v<sup>o</sup></abbr>: “When <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> arrived at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄯善</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shan-shan</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廣</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuang</span>, the King of the country, received him at first with great politeness and respect; but shortly afterwards his behaviour underwent a sudden change, and he became remiss and negligent. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> spoke about this to the officers of his suite: ‘Have you not noticed,’ he said, ‘that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuang’s</span> polite intentions are on the wane? This must signify that envoys have come from the Northern barbarians, and that consequently he is in a state of indecision, not knowing with which side to throw in his lot. That surely is the reason. The truly wise man, we are told, can perceive things before they have come to pass; how much more, then, those that are already manifest!’ Thereupon he called one of the natives who had been assigned to his service, and set a trap for him, saying: ‘Where are those envoys from the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span> who arrived some days ago?’ The man was so taken aback that between surprise and fear he presently blurted out the whole truth. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span>, keeping his informant carefully under lock and key, then summoned a general gathering of his officers, thirty-six in all, and began drinking with them. When the wine had mounted into their heads a little, he tried to rouse their spirit still further by addressing them thus: ‘Gentlemen, here we are in the heart of an isolated region, anxious to achieve riches and honour by some great exploit. Now it happens that an ambassador from the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span> arrived in the kingdom only a few days ago, and the result is that the respectful courtesy extended towards us by our royal host has disappeared. Should this envoy prevail upon him to seize our party and hand us over to the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span>, our bones will become food for the wolves of the desert. What are we to do?’ With one accord, the officers replied: ‘Standing as we do in peril of our lives, we will follow our commander through life and death’ (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">今在危亡之地死生從司馬</span>).” For the sequel of this adventure, see <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span>, <a href="#note-693">note 693</a>. <a href="#noteref-655" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-656" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>These three sentences are repeated from <a href="#chapter-7-p-12">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a>—in order to emphasise their importance, the commentators seem to think. I prefer to regard them as interpolated here in order to form an antecedent to the following words. With regard to local guides, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> might have added that there is always the risk of going wrong, either through their treachery or some misunderstanding such as Livy records (<span epub:type="z3998:roman">XXII</span> 13): Hannibal, we are told, ordered a guide to lead him into the neighbourhood of Casinum, where there was an important pass to be occupied; but his Carthaginian accent, unsuited to the pronunciation of Latin names, caused the guide to understand Casilinum instead of Casinum, and turning from his proper route, he took the army in that direction, the mistake not being discovered until they had almost arrived. <a href="#noteref-656" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-657" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Referring, I think, to what is contained in the following two paragraphs. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, thinking perhaps of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五利</span> in <a href="#chapter-8-p-6">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span></a> (“So, the student of war …”), takes them to be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">九地之利害</span> “the advantages and disadvantages attendant on the nine varieties of ground.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此五者</span>. <a href="#noteref-657" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-658" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">霸王</span>, “one who rules by force,” was a term specially used for those princes who established their hegemony over other feudal states. The famous <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五霸</span> of the 7th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> were (1) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">齊桓公</span> Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huan</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> (2) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">晉文公</span> Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin</span>, (3) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宋襄公</span> Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiang</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sung</span>, (4) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">楚莊王</span> Prince <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuang</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span>, (5) <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">秦穆公</span> Duke <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mu</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>. Their reigns covered the period 685–591 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-658" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-659" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Here and in the next sentence, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> inserts <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">家</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵</span>. <a href="#noteref-659" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-660" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> constructs one of the chains of reasoning that are so much affected by the Chinese: “In attacking a powerful state, if you can divide her forces, you will have a superiority in strength; if you have a superiority in strength, you will overawe the enemy; if you overawe the enemy, the neighbouring states will be frightened; and if the neighbouring states are frightened, the enemy’s allies will be prevented from joining her.” The following gives a stronger meaning to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">威加</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若大國一敗則小國離而不聚矣</span> “If the great state has once been defeated (before she has had time to summon her allies), then the lesser states will hold aloof and refrain from massing their forces.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> take the sentence in quite another way. The former says: “Powerful though a prince may be, if he attacks a large state, he will be unable to raise enough troops, and must rely to some extent on external aid; if he dispenses with this, and with overweening confidence in his own strength, simply tries to intimidate the enemy, he will surely be defeated.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> puts his view thus: “If we recklessly attack a large state, our own people will be discontented and hang back. But if (as will then be the case) our display of military force is inferior by half to that of the enemy, the other chieftains will take fright and refuse to join us.” According to this interpretation, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其</span> would refer, not to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">大國</span>, but to the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">霸王</span> himself. <a href="#noteref-660" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-661" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">爭</span> the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">事</span>. <a href="#noteref-661" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-662" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天下</span>, as <a href="#chapter-11-p-6">earlier</a> (“Ground which forms the key …”), stands for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諸侯</span> “the feudal princes,” or the states ruled by them. <a href="#noteref-662" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-663" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信</span> (read <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">shên</i>¹) in the meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伸</span>, <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#note-416">note 416</a> on <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VIII</span>. The commentators are unanimous on this point, and we must therefore beware of translating <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">信己之私</span> by “secretly self-confident” or the like. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop (omitting <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之私</span>) has: “he has confidence in himself.” <a href="#noteref-663" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-664" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The train of thought appears to be this: Secure against a combination of his enemies. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">能絕天下之交惟得伸己之私志威而無外交者</span> “he can afford to reject entangling alliances and simply pursue his own secret designs, his prestige enabling him to dispense with external friendships.” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>.) <a href="#noteref-664" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-665" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This paragraph, though written many years before the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> State became a serious menace, is not a bad summary of the policy by which the famous Six Chancellors gradually paved the way for her final triumph under <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shih Huang Ti</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, following up his previous note, thinks that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is condemning this attitude of cold-blooded selfishness and haughty isolation. He again refers <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其</span> to the warlike prince, thus making it appear that in the end he is bound to succumb. <a href="#noteref-665" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-666" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span> (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 3) less wisely says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">進有重賞退有重刑</span> “Let advance be richly rewarded and retreat be heavily punished.” <a href="#noteref-666" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-667" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">懸</span>, literally, “hang” or “post up.” <a href="#noteref-667" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-668" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">杜姦媮</span> “In order to prevent treachery,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span>. The general meaning is made clear by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> quotation from the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssǔ-ma</i>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">見敵作誓瞻攻作賞</span> “Give instructions only on sighting the enemy; give rewards only when you see deserving deeds.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">無政</span>, however, presents some difficulty. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> paraphrase, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍法令不應預施懸也</span>, I take to mean: “The final instructions you give to your army should not correspond with those that have been previously posted up.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> simiplifies this into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">政不預告</span> “your arrangements should not be divulged beforehand.” And <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不守常法常政</span> “there should be no fixity in your rules and arrangements.” Not only is there danger in letting your plans be known, but war often necessitates the entire reversal of them at the last moment. <a href="#noteref-668" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-669" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">犯</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, is here equal to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">用</span>. The exact meaning is brought out more clearly in the next paragraph. <a href="#noteref-669" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-670" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-34">supra</a>, “Thus the skilful general …” <a href="#noteref-670" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-671" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Literally, “do not tell them words;” <abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> do not give your reasons for any order. Lord Mansfield once told a junior colleague to “give no reasons” for his decisions, and the maxim is even more applicable to a general than to a judge. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates this sentence with beautiful simplicity: “Orders should direct the soldiers.” That is all. <a href="#noteref-671" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-672" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Compare the paradoxical saying <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">亡者存之基死者生之本</span>. These words of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> were once quoted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> in explanation of the tactics he employed in one of his most brilliant battles, already alluded to in <a href="#note-258">note 258</a>. In 204 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, he was sent against the army of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span>, and halted ten miles from the mouth of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井陘</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ching-hsing</span> pass, where the enemy had mustered in full force. Here, at midnight, he detached a body of 2000 light cavalry, every man of which was furnished with a red flag. Their instructions were to make their way through narrow defiles and keep a secret watch on the enemy. “When the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> see me in full flight,” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> said, “they will abandon their fortifications and give chase. This must be the sign for you to rush in, pluck down the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> standards and set up the red banners of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">漢</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> in their stead.” Turning then to his other officers, he remarked: “Our adversary holds a strong position, and is not likely to come out and attack us until he sees the standard and drums of the commander-in-chief, for fear I should turn back and escape through the mountains.” So saying, he first of all sent out a division consisting of 10,000 men, and ordered them to form in line of battle with their backs to the River <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">泜</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ti</span>. Seeing this manoeuvre, the whole army of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> broke into loud laughter. By this time it was broad daylight, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span>, displaying the generalissimo’s flag, marched out of the pass with drums beating, and was immediately engaged by the enemy. A great battle followed, lasting for some time; until at length <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span> and his colleague <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">張耳</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Ni</span>, leaving drums and banner on the field, fled to the division on the river bank, where another fierce battle was raging. The enemy rushed out to pursue them and to secure the trophies, thus denuding their ramparts of men; but the two generals succeeded in joining the other army, which was fighting with the utmost desperation. The time had now come for the 2000 horsemen to play their part. As soon as they saw the men of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> following up their advantage, they galloped behind the deserted walls, tore up the enemy’s flags and replaced them by those of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span>. When the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> army turned back from the pursuit, the sight of these red flags struck them with terror. Convinced that the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hans</span> had got in and overpowered their king, they broke up in wild disorder, every effort of their leader to stay the panic being in vain. Then the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> army fell on them from both sides and completed the rout, killing a great number and capturing the rest, amongst whom was King <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歇</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ya</span> himself … After the battle, some of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin’s</span> officers came to him and said: “In the <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> we are told to have a hill or tumulus on the right rear, and a river or marsh on the left front. [This appears to be a blend of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Kung</span>. See <a href="#chapter-9-p-9">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">IX</span></a>, and <a href="#note-445">note 445</a>.] You, on the contrary, ordered us to draw up our troops with the river at our back. Under these conditions, how did you manage to gain the victory?” The general replied: “I fear you gentlemen have not studied the <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Art of War</i> with sufficient care. Is it not written there: ‘Plunge your army into desperate straits and it will come off in safety; place it in deadly peril and it will survive’? Had I taken the usual course, I should never have been able to bring my colleagues round. What says the Military Classic (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">經</span>)?—‘Swoop down on the marketplace and drive the men off to fight’ (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敺巿人而戰之</span>). [This passage does not occur in the present text of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>.] If I had not placed my troops in a position where they were obliged to fight for their lives, but had allowed each man to follow his own discretion, there would have been a general <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">débandade</i>, and it would have been impossible to do anything with them.” The officers admitted the force of his argument, and said: “These are higher tactics than we should have been capable of.” (See <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 34, <abbr>ff.</abbr> 4, 5.) <a href="#noteref-672" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<p>Danger has a bracing effect. <a href="#noteref-673" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-674" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">佯愚也</span> “Feign stupidity”—by an appearance of yielding and falling in with the enemy’s wishes. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü’s</span> note makes the meaning clear: “If the enemy shows an inclination to advance, lure him on to do so; if he is anxious to retreat, delay of purpose that he may carry out his intention.” The object is to make him remiss and contemptuous before we deliver our attack. <a href="#noteref-674" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-675" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I understand the first four words to mean “accompanying the enemy in one direction.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">幷兵向敵</span> “unite the soldiers and make for the enemy.” But such a violent displacement of characters is quite indefensible. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> is the only commentator who seems to have grasped the meaning: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隨敵一向然後發伏出奇</span>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">并力</span>. <a href="#noteref-675" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-676" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Literally, “after a thousand <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">li</i>.” <a href="#noteref-676" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
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</li>
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<li id="note-677" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Always a great point with the Chinese. <a href="#noteref-677" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-678" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是謂巧於成事</span>, and yet another reading, mentioned by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">巧攻成事</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits this sentence, after having thus translated the two preceding: “Discover the enemy’s intentions by conforming to his movements. When these are discovered, then, with one stroke, the general may be killed, even though he be one hundred leagues distant.” <a href="#noteref-678" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-679" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">政舉</span> does not mean “when war is declared,” as <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop says, not yet exactly, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> paraphrases it, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謀定</span> “when your plans are fixed,” when you have mapped out your campaign. The phrase is not given in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽei Wên Yün Fu</i>. There being no causal connection discoverable between this and the preceding sentence, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">是故</span> must perforce be left untranslated. <a href="#noteref-679" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-680" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夷</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">滅塞</span>. <a href="#noteref-680" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-681" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">locus classicus</span> for these tallies is <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Li</i>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XIV</span> <abbr>fol.</abbr> 40 (Imperial edition): <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">門關用符節貨賄用璽節道路用旌節</span>. The generic term thus appears to be <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">節</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">符</span> being the special kind used at city-gates and on the frontier. They were tablets of bamboo or wood, one half of which was issued as a permit or passport by the official in charge of a gate (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司門</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">司關</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">封人</span> “border-warden” of <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span> 24, who may have had similar duties.) When this half was returned to him, within a fixed period, he was authorised to open the gate and let the traveller through. <a href="#noteref-681" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-682" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Either to or from the enemy’s country. <a href="#noteref-682" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-683" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Show no weakness, and insist on your plans being ratified by the sovereign. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廊廟</span> indicates a hall or temple in the Palace. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-1-p-31">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span></a>, “Now the general who wins …” It is not clear if other officers would be present. Hardly anything can be made of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">勵</span>, the reading of the standard text, so I have adopted <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> conjecture <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">厲</span>, which appears in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>. <a href="#noteref-683" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-684" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> explains <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">誅</span> by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">治</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">責成</span>. Another reading is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謀</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>, adopting this, understands the whole sentence to mean: Take the strictest precautions to ensure secrecy in your deliberations. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop glides rather too smoothly over the rough places. His translation is: “conduct the business of the government with vigilance.” <a href="#noteref-684" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-685" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>This looks a very simple sentence, yet <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> is the only commentator who takes it as I have done. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mêng Shih</span>, followed by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">開闔</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">間者</span> “spies,” and makes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">入</span> an active verb: “If spies come from the enemy, we must quickly let them in.” But I cannot find that the words <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">開闔</span> have this meaning anywhere else. On the other hand, they may be taken as two verbs, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">或開或闔</span>, expressing the enemy’s indecision whether to advance or retreat, that being the best moment to attack him. (<abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tao Tê Ching</i>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">天門開闔能為雌平</span>; also <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chi</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">曲禮</span>, <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span> 25.) It is not easy to choose between this and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> explanation; the fact that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵人開戶</span> occurs shortly afterwards, in the last paragraph of the chapter, might be adduced in support of either. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必</span> must be understood in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宜</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">當</span>. The only way to avoid this is to put <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">開闔</span> between commas and translate: “If we leave a door open, the enemy is sure to rush in.” <a href="#noteref-685" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-686" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-18">supra</a>, “If asked how to cope …” <a href="#noteref-686" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-687" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop hardly attempts to translate this difficult paragraph, but invents the following instead: “Discover what he most values, and plan to seize it.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao’s</span> explanation, however, is clear enough: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我若先奪便地而敵不至雖有其利亦奚用之是以欲取其愛惜之處必先微與敵人相期誤之使必至</span> “If I manage to seize a favourable position, but the enemy does not appear on the scene, the advantage thus obtained cannot be turned to any practical account. He who intends, therefore, to occupy a position of importance to the enemy, must begin by making an artful appointment, so to speak, with his antagonist, and cajole him into going there as well.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> explains that this “artful appointment” is to be made through the medium of the enemy’s own spies, who will carry back just the amount of information that we choose to give them. Then, having cunningly disclosed our intentions, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">我後人發先人至</span> “we must manage, though starting after the enemy, to arrive before him” (<a href="#chapter-7-p-4">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a>, “Thus, to take a long and circuitous route …”). We must start after him in order to ensure his marching thither; we must arrive before him in order to capture the place without trouble. Taken thus, the present passage lends some support to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> interpretation of the <a href="#chapter-11-p-47">earlier passage</a> “On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.” <a href="#noteref-687" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-688" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">墨</span> stands for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">繩墨</span> “a marking-line,” hence a rule of conduct. See Mencius <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span> 1 <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XLI</span> 2. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> explains it by the similar metaphor <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">規矩</span> “square and compasses.” The baldness of the sentiment rather inclines me to favour the reading <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">剗</span> adopted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> in place of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">踐</span>, which yields an exactly opposite sense, namely: “Discard hard and fast rules.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惟勝是利不可守以繩墨而為</span> “Victory is the only thing that matters, and this cannot be achieved by adhering to conventional canons.” It is unfortunate that this variant rests on very slight authority, for the sense yielded is certainly much more satisfactory. Napoleon, as we know, according to the veterans of the old school whom he defeated, won his battles by violating every accepted canon of warfare. <a href="#noteref-688" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-689" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The last four words of the Chinese are omitted by <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隨敵人之形若有可乘之勢則出而決戰</span> “Conform to the enemy’s tactics until a favourable opportunity offers; then come forth and engage in a battle that shall prove decisive.” <a href="#noteref-689" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-690" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>As the hare is noted for its extreme timidity, the comparison hardly appears felicitous. But of course <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> was thinking only of its speed. The words have been taken to mean: You must flee from the enemy as quickly as an escaping hare; but this is rightly rejected by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is wrong in translating <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">兔</span> “rabbit.” Rabbits are not indigenous to China, and were certainly not known there in the 6th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. The last sixteen characters evidently form a sort of four-line jingle. <abbr>Chap.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">X</span>, it may be remembered, closed in similar fashion. <a href="#noteref-690" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-691" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>Rather more than half the chapter (up to “Hence those who use fire …”) is devoted to the subject of fire, after which the author branches off into other topics. <a href="#noteref-691" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-692" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>So <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">焚其營殺其士卒也</span> “Set fire to the camp, and kill the soldiers” (when they try to escape from the flames). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span>, sent on a diplomatic mission to the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shan-shan</span> (see <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span>, <a href="#note-655">note 655</a>), found himself placed in extreme peril by the unexpected arrival of an envoy from the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span> (the mortal enemies of the Chinese). In consultation with his officers, he exclaimed: “ ‘Never venture, never win!<a href="#note-790" id="noteref-790" epub:type="noteref">790</a> The only course open to us now is to make an assault by fire on the barbarians under cover of night, when they will not be able to discern our numbers. Profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely; this will cool the King’s courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission.’ The officers all replied that it would be necessary to discuss the matter first with the Intendant (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">從事</span>). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> then fell into a passion: ‘It is today,’ he cried, ‘that our fortunes must be decided! The Intendant is only a humdrum civilian, who on hearing of our project will certainly be afraid, and everything will be brought to light. An inglorious death is no worthy fate for valiant warriors.’ All then agreed to do as he wished. Accordingly, as soon as night came on, he and his little band quickly made their way to the barbarian camp. A strong gale was blowing at the time. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> ordered ten of the party to take drums and hide behind the enemy’s barracks, it being arranged that when they saw flames shoot up, they should begin drumming and yelling with all their might. The rest of his men, armed with bows and crossbows, he posted in ambuscade at the gate of the camp. He then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the front and rear of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span>, who rushed out pell-mell in frantic disorder. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> slew three of them with his own hand, while his companions cut off the heads of the envoy and thirty of his suite. The remainder, more than a hundred in all, perished in the flames. On the following day, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> went back and informed <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">郭恂</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuo Hsün</span> [the Intendant] of what he had done. The latter was greatly alarmed and turned pale. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span>, divining his thoughts, said with uplifted hand: ‘Although you did not go with us last night, I should not think, Sir, of taking sole credit for our exploit.’ This satisfied <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuo Hsün</span>, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span>, having sent for <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuang</span>, King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shan-shan</span>, showed him the head of the barbarian envoy. The whole kingdom was seized with fear and trembling, which <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> took steps to allay by issuing a public proclamation. Then, taking the king’s son as hostage, he returned to make his report to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">竇固</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tou Ku</span>.” (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 47, <abbr>ff.</abbr> 1, 2.) <a href="#noteref-692" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-693" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">糧食薪芻</span> “Provisions, fuel and fodder.” In order to subdue the rebellious population of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kiangnan</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">高潁</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao Kêng</span> recommended <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Ti</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui</span> dynasty to make periodical raids and burn their stores of grain, a policy which in the long run proved entirely successful. (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隋書</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 41, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 2.) <a href="#noteref-693" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-694" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>An example given is the destruction of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">袁紹</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüan Shao’s</span> wagons and impedimenta by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Tsʽao</span> in 200 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>. <a href="#noteref-694" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-695" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says that the things contained in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">輜</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">庫</span> are the same. He specifies weapons and other implements, bullion and clothing. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-7-p-11">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VII</span></a>, “We may take it then that an army …” <a href="#noteref-695" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-696" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>No fewer than four totally diverse explanations of this sentence are given by the commentators, not one of which is quite satisfactory. It is obvious, at any rate, that the ordinary meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隊</span> (“regiment” or “company”) is here inadmissible. In spite of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> note, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">焚其行伍因亂而擊之</span>, I must regard “company burning” (<abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop’s rendering) as nonsense pure and simple. We may also, I think, reject the very forced explanation given by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, of whom the last-named says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">焚其隊仗使兵無戰具</span> “burning a regiment’s weapons, so that the soldiers may have nothing to fight with.” That leaves only two solutions open: one, favoured by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>, is to take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隊</span> in the somewhat uncommon sense of “a road,” = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隧</span>. The commentary on a passage in the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">穆天子傳</span>, quoted in <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</i>, defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隊</span> (read <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">sui</i>) as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">谷中險阻道</span> “a difficult road leading through a valley.” Here it would stand for the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">糧道</span> “line of supplies,” which might be effectually interrupted if the country roundaout was laid waste with fire. Finally, the interpretation which I have adopted is that given by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>. He reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">墜</span> (which is not absolutely necessary, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隊</span> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chui</i> being sometimes used in the same sense), with the following note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以火墮敵營中也火墜之法以鐵籠火着箭頭頸强弩射敵營中</span> “To drop fire into the enemy’s camp. The method by which this may be done is to set the tips of arrows alight by dipping them into a brazier, and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy’s lines.” <a href="#noteref-696" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-697" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> thinks that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">姦人</span> “traitors in the enemy’s camp” are referred to. He thus takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因</span> as the efficient cause only. But <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> is more likely to be right in saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">須得其便不獨姦人</span> “We must have favourable circumstances in general, not merely traitors to help us.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因風燥</span> “We must avail ourselves of wind and dry weather.” <a href="#noteref-697" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-698" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">煙火</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">燒具</span> “appliances for making fire.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> suggests <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">艾蒿荻葦薪芻膏油之屬</span> “dry vegetable matter, reeds, brushwood, straw, grease, oil, <abbr>etc.</abbr>” Here we have the material cause. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">貯火之器燃火之物</span> “vessels for hoarding fire, stuff for lighting fires.” <a href="#noteref-698" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-699" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>A fire must not be begun <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">妄</span> “recklessly” or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">偶然</span> “at haphazard.” <a href="#noteref-699" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-700" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>These are, respectively, the 7th, 14th, 27th, and 28th of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">二十八宮</span> Twenty-eight Stellar Mansions, corresponding roughly to Sagittarius, Pegasus, Crater and Corvus. The original text, followed by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, has <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">月</span> in place of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宿</span>; the present reading rests on the authority of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宿</span>; the present reading rests on the authority of the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宿者月之所宿也</span>. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">箕壁</span>, both <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> give the more precise location <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戊箕東壁</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> tells us that by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">箕</span> is meant the tail of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">龍</span> Dragon; by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">壁</span>, the eastern part of that constellation; by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">翼</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軫</span>, the tail of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鶉</span> Quail. <a href="#noteref-700" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-701" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此四宿者</span> is elliptical for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">月在此四宿之日</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蕭繹</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao I</span> (afterwards fourth Emperor of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Liang</span> dynasty, <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> 552–555) is quoted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> as saying that the days <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">丙丁</span> of spring, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戊已</span> of summer, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">壬癸</span> of autumn, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">甲乙</span> of winter bring fierce gales of wind and rain. <a href="#noteref-701" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-702" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>I take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五</span> as qualifying <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">變</span>, not <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">火</span>, and therefore think that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> is wrong in referring <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五火</span> to the five methods of attack set forth at the <a href="#chapter-12-p-1">beginning of the chapter</a>. What follows has certainly nothing to do with these. <a href="#noteref-702" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-703" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> incorrectly reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">早</span>. <a href="#noteref-703" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-704" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">而其</span>. The prime object of attacking with fire is to throw the enemy into confusion. If this effect is not produced, it means that the enemy is ready to receive us. Hence the necessity for caution. <a href="#noteref-704" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-705" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">見可而進知難而退</span> “If you see a possible way, advance; but if you find the difficulties too great, retire.” <a href="#noteref-705" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-706" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says that the previous paragraphs had reference to the fire breaking out (either accidentally, we may suppose, or by the agency of incendiaries) inside the enemy’s camp. “But,” he continues, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若敵居荒澤草穢或營柵可焚之地卽須及時發火不必更待內發作然後應之恐敵人自燒野草我起火無益</span> “if the enemy is settled in a waste place littered with quantities of grass, or if he has pitched his camp in a position which can be burnt out, we must carry our fire against him at any seasonable opportunity, and not wait on in hopes of an outbreak occurring within, for fear our opponents should themselves burn up the surrounding vegetation, and thus render our own attempts fruitless.” The famous <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李陵</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ling</span> once baffled the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">單于</span> leader of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span> in this way. The latter, taking advantage of a favourable wind, tried to set fire to the Chinese general’s camp, but found that every scrap of combustible vegetation in the neighbourhood had already been burnt down. On the other hand, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">波才</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po-tsʽai</span>, a general of the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">黃巾賊</span> Yellow Turban rebels, was badly defeated in 184 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> through his neglect of this simple precaution. “At the head of a large army he was beseiging <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">長社</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽang-shê</span>, which was held by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">皇甫嵩</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-fu Sung</span>. The garrison was very small, and general feeling of nervousness pervaded the ranks; so <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-fu Sung</span> called his officers together and said: ‘In war, there are various indirect methods of attack, and numbers do not count for everything. [The commentator here quotes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>, <a href="#chapter-5-p-5">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">V</span></a> “In all fighting …”, “Indirect tactics, efficiently applied …”, and “In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack …”] Now the rebels have pitched their camp in the midst of thick grass (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">依草結營</span>), which will easily burn when the wind blows. If we set fire to it at night, they will be thrown into a panic, and we can make a sortie and attack them on all sides at once, thus emulating the achievement of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span>.’ [See <a href="#note-475">note 475</a>] That same evening, a strong breeze sprang up; so <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-fu Sung</span> instructed his soldiers to bind reels together into torches and mount guard on the city walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. Simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-fu Sung</span>, sounding his drums, led a rapid charge, which threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight.” (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hou Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 71, <abbr>f.</abbr> 2 <abbr>r<sup>o</sup></abbr>) <a href="#noteref-706" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-707" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, following <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>, says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">燒之必退退而逆擊之必死戰則不便也</span> “When you make a fire, the enemy will retreat away from it; if you oppose his retreat and attack him then, he will fight desperately, which will not conduce to your success.” A rather more obvious explanation is given by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>: “If the wind is in the east, begin burning to the east of the enemy, and follow up the attack yourself from that side. If you start the fire on the east side, and then attack from the west, you will suffer in the same way as your enemy.” <a href="#noteref-707" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-708" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lao Tzǔ’s</span> saying: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">飄風不終朝</span> “A violent wind does not last the space of a morning.” (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tao Tê Ching</i>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 23.) <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> say: “A day breeze dies down at nightfall, and a night breeze at daybreak. This is what happens as a general rule.” The phenomenon observed may be correct enough, but how this sense is to be obtained is not apparent. <a href="#noteref-708" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-709" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> commentary shows what has to be supplied in order to make sense out of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以數守之</span>. He says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">須筭星𨇠之數守風起之日乃可發火</span> “We must make calculations as to the paths of the stars, and watch for the days on which wind will rise, before making attack with fire.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> seems to take <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">守</span> in the sense of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">防</span>: “We must not only know how to assail our opponents with fire, but also be on our guard against similar attacks from them.” <a href="#noteref-709" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-710" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>I have not the least hesitation in rejecting the commentators’ explanation of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">明</span> as = <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">明白</span>. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">灼然可以取勝</span> “… will <em>clearly</em> [<abbr epub:type="z3998:initialism">i.e.</abbr> obviously] be able to gain the victory.” This is not only clumsy in itself, but does not balance <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">强</span> in the next clause. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">明</span> “intelligent,” <abbr>cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-12-p-16">infra</a> (“Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler …”), and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lun Yü</i> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> 6. <a href="#noteref-710" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-711" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop gives an extraordinary rendering of the paragraph: “… if the attack is to be assisted, the fire must be unquenchable. If water is to assist the attack, the flood must be overwhelming.” <a href="#noteref-711" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-712" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung’s</span> note is: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">但可以絕敵道分敵軍不可以奪敵畜積</span> “We can merely obstruct the enemy’s road or divide his army, but not sweep away all his accumulated stores.” Water can do useful service, but it lacks the terrible destructive power of fire. This is the reason, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> concludes, why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences, whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Tzǔ</span> (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 4) speaks thus of the two elements: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">居軍下濕水無所通霖雨數至可灌而沉居軍荒澤草楚幽穢風飆數至可焚而滅</span> “If an army is encamped on low-lying marshy ground, from which the water cannot run off, and where the rainfall is heavy, it may be submerged by a flood. If an army is encamped in wild marsh thickly overgrown with weeds and brambles, and visited by frequent gales, it may be exterminated by fire.” <a href="#noteref-712" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-713" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is one of the most perplexing passages in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span>. The difficulty lies mainly in <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不修其功</span>, of which two interpretations appear possible. Most of the commentators understand <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修</span> in the sense (not known to <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</i>) of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">賞</span> “reward” or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舉</span> “promote,” and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其功</span> as referring to the merit of officers and men. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">賞善不踰日</span> “Rewards for good service should not be deferred a single day.” And <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>: “If you do not take opportunity to advance and reward the deserving, your subordinates will not carry out your commands, and disaster will ensue.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">費留</span> would then probably mean <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">留滯費耗</span> “stoppage of expenditure,” or as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> puts it, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惜費</span> “the grudging of expenditure.” For several reasons, however, and in spite of the formidable array of scholars on the other side, I prefer the interpretation suggested by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> alone, whose words I will quote: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">欲戰必勝攻必取者在因時乘便能作為功也作為功者修火攻水攻之類不可坐守其利也坐守其利者凶也</span> “Those who want to make sure of succeeding in their battles and assaults must seize the favourable moments when they come and not shrink on occasion from heroic measures: that is to say, they must resort to such means of attack as fire, water and the like. What they must not do, and what will prove fatal, is to sit still and simply hold on to the advantages they have got.” This retains the more usual meaning of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修</span>, and also brings out a clear connection of thought with the previous part of the chapter. With regard to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">費留</span>, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> paraphrases it as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">費財老師</span> “expending treasure and tiring out [<abbr>lit.</abbr>, ageing] the army.” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">費</span> of course is expenditure or waste in general, either of time, money or strength. But the soldier is less concerned with the saving of money than of time. For the metaphor expressed in “stagnation” I am indebted to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tsʽao Kung</span>, who says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">若水之留不復還也</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop gives a rendering which bears but little relation to the Chinese text: “unless victory or possession be obtained, the enemy quickly recovers, and misfortunes arise. The war drags on, and money is spent.” <a href="#noteref-713" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-714" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>As <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> quotes this jingle in support of his assertion in the previous paragraph, we must suppose <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修之</span> to stand for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修其功</span> or something analogous. The meaning seems to be that the ruler lays plans which the general must show resourcefulness in carrying out. It is now plainer than ever that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">修</span> cannot mean “to reward.” Nevertheless, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> quotes the following from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">三略</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 2: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">霸者制士以權結士以信使士以賞信衰則士疏賞虧則士不用命</span> “The warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, knits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. If faith decays, there will be disruption; if rewards are deficient, commands will not be respected.” <a href="#noteref-714" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-715" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">起</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>’s variant for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">動</span>, is adopted by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span>. <a href="#noteref-715" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-716" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> may at times appear to be overcautious, but he never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tao Tê Ching</i>. <abbr>ch.</abbr> 69: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">吾不敢為主而為客不敢進寸而退尺</span> “I dare not take the initiative, but prefer to act on the defensive; I dare not advance an inch, but prefer to retreat a foot.” <a href="#noteref-716" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-717" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p>Again compare <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lao Tzǔ</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 68: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">善戰者不怒</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">愠</span> is a weaker word than <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怒</span>, and is therefore applied to the general as opposed to the sovereign. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">軍</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師</span>, and the latter <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">合</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">致</span>. <a href="#noteref-717" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-718" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is repeated from <a href="#chapter-11-p-17">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a> (“When it was to their advantage …”). Here I feel convinced that it is an interpolation, for it is evident that the next paragraph ought to follow immediately on the previous. For <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">動</span>, the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">用</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop invents a sentence which he inserts before this one: “Do not make war unless victory may be gained thereby.” While he was about it, he might have credited <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> with something slightly less inane. <a href="#noteref-718" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-719" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>According to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">喜</span> denotes joy outwardly manifested in the countenance, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">悅</span> the inward sensation of happiness. <a href="#noteref-719" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-720" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu</span> State was destined to be a melancholy example of this saying. See <a href="#note-325">note 325</a>. <a href="#noteref-720" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-721" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">警</span>, which usually means “to warn,” is here equal to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戒</span>. This is a good instance of how Chinese characters, which stand for ideas, refuse to be fettered by dictionary-made definitions. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">故曰</span>, as <a href="#chapter-12-p-16">above</a> (“Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler …”). <a href="#noteref-721" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-722" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>It is odd that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">全軍</span> should not have the same meaning here as in <a href="#chapter-3-p-1">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">III</span></a> (“In the practical art of war …”, <abbr>q.v.</abbr>). This has led me to consider whether it might not be possible to take the earlier passage thus: “to preserve your own army (country, regiment, <abbr>etc.</abbr>) intact is better than to destroy the enemy’s.” The two words do not appear in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> or the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop misses the point by translating: “then is the state secure, and the army victorious in battle.” <a href="#noteref-722" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-723" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">間</span> is really a vulgar form of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閒</span>, and does not appear in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shuo Wên</i>. In practice, however, it has gradually become a distinct character with special meanings of its own, and I have therefore followed my edition of the standard text in retaining this form throughout the chapter. In <a href="#chapter-6-p-25">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a> (“In making tactical dispositions …”), on the other hand, the correct form <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閒</span> will be found. The evolution of the meaning “spy” is worth considering for a moment, provided it be understood that this is very doubtful ground, and that any dogmatism is out of place. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shuo Wên</i> defines <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閒</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隟</span> (the old form of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隙</span>) “a crack” or “chink,” and on the whole we may accept <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">徐鍇</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsü Chʽieh’s</span> analysis as not unduly fanciful: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫門夜閉閉而見月光者有閒隟也</span> “At night, a <em>door</em> is shut; if, when it is shut, the light of the <em>moon</em> is visible, it must come through a <em>chink</em>.” From this it is an easy step to the meaning “space between,” or simply “between,” as for example in the phrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">往來閒諜</span> “to act as a secret spy between enemies.” Here <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諜</span> is the word which means “spy;” but we may suppose that constant association so affected the original force of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閒</span>, that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">諜</span> could at last be dropped altogether, leaving <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閒</span> to stand alone with the same signification. Another possible theory is that the word may first have come to mean <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">覗</span> “to peep” (see <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">博雅</span>, quoted in <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kʽang Hsi</i>), which would naturally be suggested by “crack” or “crevice,” and afterwards the man who peeps, or spy. <a href="#noteref-723" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-724" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>, <a href="#chapter-2-p-1">“In the operations of war …”</a> and <a href="#chapter-2-p-13">“With this loss of substance …”</a>. <a href="#noteref-724" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-725" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怠於道路</span>, which is omitted by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, appears at first sight to be explained by the words immediately following, so that the obvious translation would be “(enforced) idleness along the line of march.” (<abbr>Cf.</abbr> <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tao Tê Ching</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 30: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">師之所處荆棘生焉</span> “Where troops have been quartered, brambles and thorns spring up.”) The commentators, however, say that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怠</span> is here equivalent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">疲</span>—a meaning which is still retained in the phrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">倦怠</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> refers <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">怠</span> to those who are engaged in conveying provisoins to the army. But this can hardly be said to emerge clearly from <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> text. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> has the note: “We may be reminded of the saying: ‘On serious ground, gather in plunder’ [<a href="#chapter-11-p-13">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a>]. Why then should carriage and transportation cause exhaustion on the highways?—The answer is, that not victuals alone, but all sorts of munitions of war have to be conveyed to the army. Besides, the injunction to ‘forage on the enemy’ only means that when an army is deeply engaged in hostile territory, scarcity of food must be provided against. Hence, without being solely dependent on the enemy for corn, we must forage in order that there may be an uninterrupted flow of supplies. Then, again, there are places like salt deserts (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">磧鹵之地</span>), where provisions being unobtainable, supplies from home cannot be dispensed with.” <a href="#noteref-725" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-726" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">廢於耒耜</span> “Men will be lacking at the plough-tail.” The allusion is to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井田</span> the system of dividing land into nine parts, as shown in the character <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">井</span>, each consisting of a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">頃</span> (about 15 acres), the plot in the centre being cultivated on behalf of the State by the tenants of the other eight. It was here also, so <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tells us, that their cottages were built and a well sunk, to be used by all in common. (See <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>, <a href="#note-210">note 210</a>.) These groups of eight peasant proprietors were called <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄰</span>. In time of war, one of the families had to serve in the army, while the other seven contributed to its support (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">一家從軍七家奉之</span>). Thus, by a levy of 100,000 men (reckoning one able-bodied soldier to each family) the husbandry of 700,000 families would be affected. <a href="#noteref-726" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-727" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“For spies” is of course the meaning, though it would spoil the effect of this curiously elaborate exordium if spies were actually mentioned at this point. <a href="#noteref-727" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-728" epub:type="endnote">
|
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> argument is certainly ingenious. He begins by adverting to the frightful misery and vast expenditure of blood and treasure which war always brings in its train. Now, unless you are kept informed of the enemy’s condition, and are ready to strike at the right moment, a war may drag on for years. The only way to get this information is to employ spies, and it is impossible to obtain trustworthy spies unless they are properly paid for their services. But it is surely false economy to grudge a comparatively trifling amount for this purpose, when every day that the war lasts eats up an incalculably greater sum. This grievous burden falls on the shoulders of the poor, and hence <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> concludes that to neglect the use of spies is nothing less than a crime against humanity. <a href="#noteref-728" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-729" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>An inferior reading for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主</span> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁</span>, thus explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">非以仁佐國者也</span>. <a href="#noteref-729" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
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<li id="note-730" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>This idea, that the true object of war is peace, has its root in the national temperament of the Chinese. Even so far back as 597 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, these memorable words were uttered by Prince <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">莊</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chuang</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽu</span> State: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫文止戈為武</span> … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫武禁暴戢兵保大定功安民和衆豐財者也</span> “The character for ‘prowess’ (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武</span>) is made up of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">止</span> ‘to stay’ and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">戈</span> ‘a spear’ (cessation of hostilities). Military prowess is seen in the repression of cruelty, the calling in of weapons, the preservation of the appointment of Heaven, the firm establishment of merit, the bestowal of happiness on the people, putting harmony between the princes, the diffusion of wealth.” (<i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tso Chuan</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">宣公</span> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span> 3 <abbr>ad fin.</abbr>) <a href="#noteref-730" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-731" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>That is, knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions, and what he means to do. <a href="#noteref-731" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-732" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以禱祀</span> “by prayers or sacrifices,” says <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬼</span> are the disembodied spirits of men, and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神</span> supernatural beings or “gods.” <a href="#noteref-732" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-733" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu’s</span> note makes the meaning clear: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">象</span>, he says, is the same as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">類</span> reasoning by analogy; <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不可以他事比類而求</span> “[knowledge of the enemy] cannot be gained by reasoning from other analogous cases.” <a href="#noteref-733" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-734" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫長短闊狹遠近小大卽可驗之於度數人之情偽度不能知也</span> “Quantities like length, breadth, distance and magnitude, are susceptible of exact mathematical determination; human actions cannot be so calculated.” <a href="#noteref-734" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-735" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> has rather an interesting note: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鬼神之情可以筮卜知形氣之物可以象類求天地之理可以度數驗唯敵之情必由間者而後知也</span> “Knowledge of the spirit-world is to be obtained by divination; information in natural science may be sought by inductive reasoning; the laws of the universe can be verified by mathematical calculation: but the dispositions of an enemy are ascertainable through spies and spies alone.” <a href="#noteref-735" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-736" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">道</span> is explained by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">其情泄形露之道</span> “the way in which facts leak out and dispositions are revealed.” <a href="#noteref-736" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-737" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">為</span> is the reading of the standard text, but the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> all have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謂</span>. <a href="#noteref-737" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-738" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神紀</span> “the Mysterious Thread,” but <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên’s</span> paraphrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神妙之綱紀</span> shows that what is meant is the <em>control</em> of a number of threads. <a href="#noteref-738" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-739" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>“Cromwell, one of the greatest and most practical of all cavalry leaders, had officers styled ‘scout masters,’ whose business it was to collect all possible information regarding the enemy, through scouts and spies, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, and much of his success in war traceable to the previous knowledge of the enemy’s moves thus gained.”<a href="#note-791" id="noteref-791" epub:type="noteref">791</a> <a href="#noteref-739" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-740" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄉間</span> is the emended reading of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> for the unintelligible <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因間</span>, here and in <a href="#chapter-13-p-7">the list of spies</a>, of the standard text, which nevertheless reads <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄉間</span> in a <a href="#chapter-13-p-22">later paragraph</a> (“It is through the information …”). <a href="#noteref-740" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-741" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: “In the enemy’s country, win people over by kind treatment, and use them as spies.” <a href="#noteref-741" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-742" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">官</span> includes both civil and military officials. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> enumerates the following classes as likely to do good service in this respect: “Worthy men who have been degraded from office, criminals who have undergone punishment; also favourite concubines who are greedy for gold, men who are aggrieved at being in subordinate positions, or who have been passed over in the distribution of posts, others who are anxious that their side should be defeated in order that they may have a chance of displaying their ability and talents, fickle turncoats who always want to have a foot in each boat (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">飜覆變詐常持兩端之心者</span>). Officials of these several kinds,” he continues, “should be secretly approached and bound to one’s interests by means of rich presents. In this way you will be able to find out the state of affairs in the enemy’s country, ascertain the plans that are being formed against you, and moreover disturb the harmony and create a breach between the sovereign and his ministers.” The necessity for extreme caution, however, in dealing with “inward spies,” appears from an historical incident related by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span>: “<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">羅尚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lo Shang</span>, Governor of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">益州</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I-chou</span>, sent his general <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">隗伯</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Po</span> to attach the rebel <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李雄</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Hsiung</span> of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蜀</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shu</span> in his stronghold at <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">郫</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽi</span>. After each side had experienced a number of victories and defeats, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Hsiung</span> had recourse to the services of a certain <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">朴泰</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽo-tʽai</span>, a native of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">武都</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu-tu</span>. He began by having him whipped until the blood came, and then sent him off to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lo Shang</span>, whom he was to delude by offering to cooperate with him from inside the city, and to give a fire signal at the right moment for making a general assault. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lo Shang</span>, confiding in these promises, marched out all his best troops, and placed <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Po</span> and others at their head with orders to attack at <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽo-tʽai’s</span> bidding. Meanwhile, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Hsiung’s</span> general, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">李驤</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Hsiang</span>, had prepared an ambuscade on their line of march; and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pʽo-tʽai</span>, having reared long scaling-ladders against the city walls, now lighted the beacon-fire. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wei Po’s</span> men raced up on seeing the signal and began climbing the ladders as fast as they could, while othere were drawn up by ropes lowered from above. More than a hundred of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lo Shang’s</span> soldiers entered the city in this way, every one of whom was forthwith beheaded. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Hsiung</span> then charged with all his forces, both inside and outside the city, and routed the enemy completely.” (This happened in 303 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr>. I do not know where <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> got the story from. It is not given in the biography of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Hsiung</span> or that of his father <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li</span> <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">特</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽê</span>, <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chin Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 120, 121.) <a href="#noteref-742" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-743" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>By means of heavy bribes and liberal promises detaching them from the enemy’s service, and inducing them to carry back false information as well as to spy in turn on their own countrymen. Thus <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因厚賂重許反使為我間也</span>. On the other hand, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">蕭世諴</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiao Shih-hsien</span> in defining the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">反間</span> says that we pretend not to have detected him, but contrive to let him carry away a false impression of what is going on (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵使人來候我我佯不知而示以虛事</span>). Several of the commentators accept this as an alternative definition; but that it is not what <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> meant is conclusively proved by his subsequent remarks about treating the converted spy generously (<a href="#chapter-13-p-21">“The enemy’s spies …” <abbr>sqq.</abbr></a>). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> notes three occasions on which converted spies were used with conspicuous success: 1) by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽien Tan</span> in his defence of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chi-mo</span> (see supra, <a href="#note-475">note 475</a>); 2) by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Shê</span> on his march to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">O-yü</span> (see <a href="#note-349">note 349</a>); and by the wily <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">范雎</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fan Chü</span> in 260 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, when <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lien Pʽo</span> was conducting a defensive campaign against <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>. The King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span> strongly disapproved of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lien Pʽo’s</span> cautious and dilatory methods, which had been unable to avert a series of minor disasters, and therefore lent a ready ear to the reports of his spies, who had secretly gone over to the enemy and were already in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Fan Chü’s</span> pay. They said: “The only thing which causes <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span> anxiety is lest <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">趙括</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Kua</span> should be made general. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lien Pʽo</span> they consider an easy opponent, who is sure to be vanquished in the long run.” Now this <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Kua</span> was a son of the famous <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao Shê</span>. From his boyhood, he had been wholly engrossed in the study of war and military matters, until at last he came to believe that there was no commander in the whole Empire who could stand against him. His father was much disquieted by this overweening conceit, and the flippancy with which he spoke of such a serious thing as war, and solemnly declared that if ever <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kua</span> was appointed general, he would bring ruin on the armies of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chao</span>. This was the man who, in spite of earnest protests from his own mother and the veteran statesman <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">藺相如</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lin Hsiang-ju</span>, was now sent to succeed <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lien Pʽo</span>. Needless to say, he proved no match for the redoubtable <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Po Chʽi</span> and the great military power of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>. He fill into a trap by which his army was divided into two and his communications cut; and after a desperate resistance lasting 46 days, during which the famished soldiers devoured one another, he was himself killed by an arrow, and his whole force, amounting, it is said, to 400,000 men, ruthlessly put to the sword. (See <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">歷代紀事年表</span>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 19, <abbr>ff.</abbr> 48–50). <a href="#noteref-743" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-744" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">傳</span> is <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Chʽüan’s</span> conjecture for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">待</span>, which is found in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i>, unsupported by any good authority, adds <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">間也</span> after <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵</span>. In that case, the doomed spies would be those of the enemy, to whom our own spies had conveyed false information. But this is unnecessarily complicated. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> gives the best exposition of the meaning: “We ostentatiously do things calculated to deceive our own spies, who must be led to believe that they have been unwittingly disclosed. Then, when spies are captured in the enemy’s lines, they will make an entirely false report, and the enemy will take measures accordingly, only to find that we do something quite different. The spies will thereupon be put to death.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop makes a hopeless muddle of the sentence. As an example of doomed spies, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> mentions the prisoners released by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pan Chʽao</span> in his campaign against Yarkand. (See <a href="#note-629">note 629</a>) He also refers to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">唐儉</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang Chien</span>, who in 630 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">AD</abbr> was sent by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Tsung</span> to lull the Turkish Khan <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">頡利</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chieh-li</span> into fancied security, until <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li Ching</span> was able to deliver a crushing blow against him. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says that the Turks revenged themselves by killing <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang Chien</span>, but this is a mistake, for we read in both the Old and the New <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽang</span> History (<abbr>ch.</abbr> 58, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 2 and <abbr>ch.</abbr> 89, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 8 respectively) that he escaped and lived on until 656. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">酈食其</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li I-chi</span><a href="#note-792" id="noteref-792" epub:type="noteref">792</a> played a somewhat similar part in 203 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>, when sent by the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han</span> to open peaceful negotiations with <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>. He has certainly more claim to be described as a <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死間</span>; for the King of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span>, being subsequently attacked without warning by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Han Hsin</span>, and infuriated by what he considered the treachery of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Li I-chi</span>, ordered the unfortunate envoy to be boiled alive. <a href="#noteref-744" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-745" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is the ordinary class of spies, properly so called, forming a regular part of the army. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">生間者必取內明外愚形劣心壯趫健勁勇閑於鄙事能忍饑寒垢耻者為之</span> “Your surviving spy must be a man of keen intellect, though in outward appearance a fool; of shabby exterior, but with a will of iron. He must be active, robust, endowed with physical strength and courage; thoroughly accustomed to all sorts of dirty work, able to endure hunger and cold, and to put up with shame and ignominy.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> tells the following story of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">達奚武</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ta-hsi Wu</span> of the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui</span> dynasty: “When he was governor of Eastern <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽin</span>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">神武</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shên-wu</span> of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽi</span> made a hostile movement upon <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">沙苑</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sha-yüan</span>. The Emperor <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽai Tsu</span> [? <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kao Tsu</span>] sent <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ta-hsi Wu</span> to spy upon the enemy. He was accompanied by two other men. All three were on horseback and wore the enemy’s uniform. When it was dark, they dismounted a few hundred feet away from the enemy’s camp and stealthily crept up to listen, until they succeeded in catching the passwords used by the army. Then they got on their horses again and boldly passed through the camp under the guise of night-watchmen (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">警夜者</span>); and more than once, happening to come across a soldier who was committing some breach of discipline, they actually stopped to give the culprit a sound cudgelling! Thus they managed to return with the fullest possible information about the enemy’s dispositions, and received warm commendation from the Emperor, who in consequence of their report was able to inflict a severe defeat on his adversary.” With the above classification it is interesting to compare the remarks of Frederick the Great:<a href="#note-793" id="noteref-793" epub:type="noteref">793</a> “<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Es giebt vielerley Sorten von Spions: 1. Geringe Leute, welche sich von diesem Handwerk meliren. 2. Doppelte Spions. 3. Spions von Consequenz, und endlich 4. Diejenigen, welche man zu diesem unglücklichen Hankwerk zwinget.</i>” This of course is a bad cross-division. The first class (<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bürgersleute, Bauern, Priesters</i>, <abbr>etc.</abbr>) corresponds roughly to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> “local spies,” and the third to “inward spies.” Of <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Doppelte Spions</i> it is broadly stated that they are employed “<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">um dem Feinde falsche Nachrichten aufzubinden.</i>” Thus they would include both converted and doomed spies. Frederick’s last class of spies does not appear in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> list, perhaps because the risk in using them is too great. <a href="#noteref-745" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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<li id="note-746" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>The original text and the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> have <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">事</span> in place of the first <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">親</span>. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> point out that the spy is privileged to enter even the general’s private sleeping-tent. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop has an inaccurate translation: “In connection with the armies, spies should be treated with the greatest kindness.” <a href="#noteref-746" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-747" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>Frederick concludes his chapter on spies with the words: “<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zu allem diesem füge ich noch hinzu, dass man in Bezahlung der Spions freygebig, ja verschwenderisch seyn muss. Ein Mench, der um eures Dienstes halber den Strick waget, verdienet dafür belohnet zu werden.</i>” <a href="#noteref-747" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-748" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> gives a graphic touch: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">出口入耳也</span>, that is to say, all communications with spies should be carried on “mouth-to-ear.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop has: “All matters relating to spies are secret,” which is distinctly feeble. An inferior reading for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">密</span> is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">審</span>. The following remarks on spies may be quoted from Turenne, who made perhaps larger use of them than any previous commander: “Spies are attached to those who give them most, he who pays them ill is never served. They should never be known to anybody; not should they know one another. When they propose anything very material, secure their persons, or have in your possession their wives and children as hostages for their fidelity. Never communicate anything to them but what it is absolutely necessary that they should know.”<a href="#note-794" id="noteref-794" epub:type="noteref">794</a> <a href="#noteref-748" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
|
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<li id="note-749" epub:type="endnote">
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<p>This is the nuance of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu’s</span> paraphrase <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不能得間人之用</span>. <a href="#noteref-749" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-750" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知其情偽辨其邪正則能用</span> “In order to use them, one must know fact from falsehood, and be able to discriminate between honesty and double-dealing.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi</span> takes <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">聖</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">智</span> separately, defining the former as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">通而先識</span> “intuitive perception” and the latter as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">明於事</span> “practical intelligence.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> strangely refers these attributes to the spies themselves: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先量間者之性誠實多智然後可用之</span> “Before using spies we must assure ourselves as to their integrity of character and the extent of their experience and skill.” But he continues: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">厚貌深情險於山川非聖人莫能知</span> “A brazen face and a crafty disposition are more dangerous than mountains or rivers; it takes a man of genius to penetrate such.” So that we are left in some doubt as to his real opinion on the passage. <a href="#noteref-750" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-751" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">仁</span> means “not grudging them honours and pay;” <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">義</span>, “showing no distrust of their honesty.” “When you have attracted them by substantial offers, you must treat them with absolute sincerity; then they will work for you with all their might.” <a href="#noteref-751" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-752" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> says: “Be on your guard against the possibility of spies going over to the service of the enemy.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> read <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">密</span> for <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">妙</span>. <a href="#noteref-752" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-753" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-6-p-9">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">VI</span></a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">微乎微乎</span> “O divine art …” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop translates: “Wonderful indeed is the power of spies.” <a href="#noteref-753" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-754" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>The Chinese here is so concise and elliptical that some expansion is necessary for the proper understanding of it. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">間事</span> denotes important information about the enemy obtained from a surviving spy. The subject of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">未發</span>, however, is not this information itself, but the secret strategem built up on the strength of it. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">聞者</span> means “is heard”—by anybody else. Thus, word for word, we get: “If spy matters are heard before [our plans] are carried out,” <abbr>etc.</abbr> <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, in translating <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">間與所告者</span> “the spy who told the matter, and the man who repeated the same,” may appeal to the authority of the commentators; but he surely misses the main point of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> injunction. For, whereas you kill the spy himself <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惡其泄</span> “as a punishment for letting out the secret,” the object of killing the other man is only, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> puts it, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">以滅口</span> “to stop his mouth” and prevent the news leaking any further. If it had already been repeated to others, this object would not be gained. Either way, <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> lays himself open to the charge of inhumanity, though <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> tries to defend him by saying that the man deserves to be put to death, for the spy would certainly not have told the secret unless the other had been at pains to worm it out of him. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i> have the reading … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">先聞其間者與</span>, <abbr>etc.</abbr>, which, while not affecting the sense, strikes me as being better than that of the standard text. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> has … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">聞與所告者</span>, which I suppose would mean: “the man who heard the secret and the man who told it to him.” <a href="#noteref-754" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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||
<li id="note-755" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">左右</span> is a comprehensive term for those who wait on others, servants and retainers generally. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is hardly happy in rendering it “right-hand men.” <a href="#noteref-755" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-756" epub:type="endnote">
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<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">謁者</span>, literally “visitors,” is equivalent, as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> says, to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主告事者</span> “those whose duty it is to keep the general supplied with information,” which naturally necessitates frequent interviews with him. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> goes too far afield for an explanation in saying that they are <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">典賓客之將</span> “the leaders of mercenary troops.” <a href="#noteref-756" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-757" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">閽吏</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">守舍之人</span>. <a href="#noteref-757" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-758" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">守將</span>, according to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>, is simply <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">守官仼職之將</span> “a general on active service.” <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop is wrong, I think, in making <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">守將</span> directly dependent on <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">姓名</span> (… “the names of the general in charge,” <abbr>etc.</abbr>). <a href="#noteref-758" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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</li>
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<li id="note-759" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p>As the first step, no doubt, towards finding out if any of these important functionaries can be won over by bribery. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop blunders badly with: “Then set the spies to watch them.” <a href="#noteref-759" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-760" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">必索</span> is omitted by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> and <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>. Its recurrence is certainly suspicious, though the sense may seem to gain by it. The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> has this variation: … <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">敵間之來間吾者</span>, <abbr>etc.</abbr> <a href="#noteref-760" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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<li id="note-761" epub:type="endnote">
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||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">舍</span> is probably more than merely <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">居止</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">稽留</span> “detain.” <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-13-p-25">infra</a> (“The end and aim of spying …”), where <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> insists that these converted spies shall be treated well. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü’s</span> paraphrase is <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">館舍</span>. <a href="#noteref-761" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-762" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> expands <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因是而知之</span> into <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因反敵間而知敵情</span> “through conversion of the enemy’s spies we learn the enemy’s condition.” And <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因是反間知彼鄉人之貪利者官人之有𨻶者誘而使之</span> “We must tempt the converted spy into our service, because it is he that knows which of the local inhabitants are greedy of gain, and which of the officials are open to corruption.” In the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i>, <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">鄉</span> has been altered to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因</span>, doubtless for the sake of uniformity with an <a href="#chapter-13-p-9">earlier paragraph</a> (“Having local spies …”). <a href="#noteref-762" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="note-763" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>“Because the converted spy knows how the enemy can best be deceived” (<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>). The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽung Tien</i> text, followed by the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü Lan</i>, has here the obviously interpolated sentence <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">因是可得而攻也</span>. <a href="#noteref-763" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-764" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop omits this sentence. <a href="#noteref-764" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-765" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>I have ventured to differ in this place from those commentators—<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Yu</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang Yü</span>—who understand <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主</span> as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">人主</span>, and make <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五間之事</span> the antecedent of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> (the others ignoring the point altogether). It is plausible enough that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> should require the ruler to be familiar with the methods of spying (though one would rather expect <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">將</span> “general” in place of <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主</span>). But this involves taking <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知之</span> here in quite a different way from the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">知之</span> immediately following, as also from those in the previous sentences. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">之</span> there refers vaguely to the enemy or the enemy’s condition, and in order to retain the same meaning here, I make <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主</span> a verb, governed by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">五間之事</span>. <abbr>Cf.</abbr> <a href="#chapter-11-p-19">chapter <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XI</span></a> (“Rapidity is the essence of war …”), where <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">主</span> is used in exactly the same manner. The sole objection that I can see in the way of this interpretation is the fact that the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">死間</span>, or fourth variety of spy, does not add to our knowledge of the enemy, but only misinforms the enemy about us. This would be, however, but a trivial oversight on <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> part, inasmuch as the “doomed spy” is in the strictest sense not to be reckoned as a spy at all. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop, it is hardly necessary to remark, slurs over the whole difficulty. <a href="#noteref-765" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-766" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>As explained in the preceding three paragraphs. He not only brings information himself, but makes it possible to use the other kinds of spy to advantage. <a href="#noteref-766" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-767" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> means the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">商</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shang</span> dynasty, founded in 1766 <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr>. Its name was changed to <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> by <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">盤庚</span> in 1401. <a href="#noteref-767" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-768" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Better known as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伊尹</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Yin</span>, the famous general and statesman who took part in <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽêng Tʽang’s</span> campaign against <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">桀癸</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chieh Kuei</span>. <a href="#noteref-768" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-769" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">呂尚</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Shang</span>, whose “style” was <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">子牙</span>, rose to high office under the tyrant <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">紂辛</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou Hsin</span>, whom he afterwards helped to overthrow. Popularly known as <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">太公</span>, a title bestowed on him by <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wên Wang</span>, he is said to have composed a treatise on war, erroneously identified with the <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">六韜</span>. <a href="#noteref-769" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-770" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>There is less precision in the Chinese than I have thought it well to introduce into my translation, and the commentaries on the passage are by no means explicit. But, having regard to the context, we can hardly doubt that <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ</span> is holding up <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Chih</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Ya</span> as illustrious examples of the converted spy, or something closely analogous. His suggestion is, that the <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> dynasties were upset owing to the intimate knowledge of their weaknesses and shortcomings which these former ministers were able to impart to the other side. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Mei Yao-chʽên</span> appears to resent any such aspersion on these historic names: “<span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Yin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Yan</span>,” he says, “were not rebels against the Government (<span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">非叛於國也</span>). <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span> could not employ the former, hence <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> employed him. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> could not emply the latter, hence <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chou</span> employed him. Their great achievements were all for the good of the people.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> is also indignant: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">伊呂聖人之耦豈為人間哉今孫子引之者言五間之用須上智之人如伊呂之才智者可以用間蓋重之之辭耳</span> “How should two divinely inspired men such as <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü</span> have acted as common spies? <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sun Tzǔ’s</span> mention of them simply means that the proper use of the five classes of spies is a matter which requires men of the highest mental calibre like <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü</span>, whose wisdom and capacity qualified them for the task. The above words only emphasise this point.” <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ho Shih</span> believes then that the two heroes are mentioned on account of their supposed skill in the use of spies. But this is very weak, as it leaves totally unexplained the significant words <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">在夏</span> and <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">在殷</span>. <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Capt.</abbr> Calthrop speaks, rather strangely, of “the province of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yin</span> … the country of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span> … the State of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chu</span> … the people of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shang</span>.” <a href="#noteref-770" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-771" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽên Hao</span> compares an <a href="#chapter-13-p-15">earlier paragraph</a>: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">非聖智不能用間</span> “Spies cannot be usefully employed …” He points out that <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">湯武之聖伊呂宜用</span> “the godlike wisdom of <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽêng Tʽang</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu Wang</span> led them to employ <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">I Yin</span> and <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Lü Shang</span>.” The <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽu Shu</i> omits <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">惟</span>. <a href="#noteref-771" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-772" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tu Mu</span> closes with a note of warning: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">夫水所以能濟舟亦有因水而覆沒者間所以能成功亦有憑間而傾敗者</span> “Just as water, which carries a boat from bank to bank, may also be the means of sinking it, so reliance on spies, while productive of great results, is ofttimes the cause of utter destruction.” <a href="#noteref-772" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-773" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>The antecedent to <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">此</span> must be either <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">間者</span> or <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">用間者</span> understood from the whole sentence. <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia Lin</span> says that an army without spies is like a man without ears or eyes. <a href="#noteref-773" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-774" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Words on Wellington</i>, by Sir <abbr epub:type="z3998:given-name">W.</abbr> Fraser. <a href="#noteref-774" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-775" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Forty-One Years in India</i>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 46. <a href="#noteref-775" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-776" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson’s biography of Stonewall Jackson, 1902 <abbr>ed.</abbr>, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">II</span>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 490. <a href="#noteref-776" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-777" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <abbr epub:type="z3998:name-title">Col.</abbr> Henderson’s biography of Stonewall Jackson, 1902 <abbr>ed.</abbr>, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 426. <a href="#noteref-777" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-778" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>For a number of maxims on this head, see <i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Marshal Turenne</i> (Longmans, 1907), <abbr>p.</abbr> 29. <a href="#noteref-778" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-779" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><abbr>M.</abbr> Chavannes writes in the <i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tʽoung Pao</i>, 1906, <abbr>p.</abbr> 210: “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le général Pan Tchʽao n’a jamais porté les armes chinoises jusque sur les bords de la mer Caspienne.</i>” I hasten to correct my statement on this authority. <a href="#noteref-779" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-780" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Marshal Turenne</i>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 50. <a href="#noteref-780" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-781" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Aids to Scouting</i>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 26. <a href="#noteref-781" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-782" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See <i lang="fr" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="fr">Pensées de Napoléon Ier</i>, <abbr>no.</abbr> 47. <a href="#noteref-782" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-783" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">The Science of War</i>, <abbr>chap.</abbr> 2. <a href="#noteref-783" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-784" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Aids to Scouting</i>, <abbr>p.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">XII</span>. <a href="#noteref-784" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-785" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="fr" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="fr">Maximes de Guerre</i>, <abbr>no.</abbr> 72. <a href="#noteref-785" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-786" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>Giles’ Biographical Dictionary, <abbr>no.</abbr> 399. <a href="#noteref-786" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-787" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">The Science of War</i>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 333. <a href="#noteref-787" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-788" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Stonewall Jackson</i>, <abbr>vol.</abbr> <span epub:type="z3998:roman">I</span>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 421. <a href="#noteref-788" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-789" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p>See Giles’ Dictionary, <abbr>no.</abbr> 9817. <a href="#noteref-789" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-790" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">不入虎冗不得虎子</span> “Unless you enter the tiger’s lair, you cannot get hold of the tiger’s cubs.” <a href="#noteref-790" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-791" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Aids to Scouting</i>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 2. <a href="#noteref-791" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-792" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chʽien Han Shu</i>, <abbr>ch.</abbr> 43, <abbr>fol.</abbr> 1. <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">顏師古</span> <span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile" xml:lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen Shih-ku</span> <abbr>in loc.</abbr> says: <span lang="cmn-Hant" xml:lang="cmn-Hant">食音異其音基</span>. <a href="#noteref-792" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-793" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i lang="de" epub:type="se:name.publication.book" xml:lang="de">Unterricht des Königs von Preussen an die Generale seiner Armeen</i>, <abbr>cap.</abbr> 12 (edition of 1794). <a href="#noteref-793" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="note-794" epub:type="endnote">
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">Marshal Turenne</i>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 311. <a href="#noteref-794" epub:type="backlink">↩</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="colophon" epub:type="colophon backmatter">
|
||
<header>
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Colophon</h2>
|
||
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epub:type="z3998:publisher-logo se:image.color-depth.black-on-transparent"/>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<p><i epub:type="se:name.publication.book">The Art of War</i><br/>
|
||
was published in the 5th century <abbr epub:type="se:era z3998:initialism">BC</abbr> by<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>.<br/>
|
||
It was translated from Chinese in <time>1910</time> by<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Giles">Lionel Giles</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>This ebook was produced for<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://standardebooks.org/">Standard Ebooks</a><br/>
|
||
by<br/>
|
||
<b epub:type="z3998:personal-name">Jacob Heybey</b><br/>
|
||
and is based on a transcription produced in <time>1994</time> by<br/>
|
||
<b epub:type="z3998:personal-name">Bob Sutton</b> and <a href="https://www.pgdp.net/">Distributed Proofreaders</a><br/>
|
||
for<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/132">Project Gutenberg</a><br/>
|
||
and on digital scans from<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/sun-tzu/the-art-of-war/lionel-giles#page-scans">various sources</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The cover page is adapted from<br/>
|
||
<i epub:type="se:name.visual-art.painting">Portrait of the Imperial Bodyguard Zhanyinbao</i>,<br/>
|
||
a painting completed in <time>1760</time> by<br/>
|
||
<b>An Unknown Artist</b>.<br/>
|
||
The cover and title pages feature the<br/>
|
||
<b epub:type="se:name.visual-art.typeface">League Spartan</b> and <b epub:type="se:name.visual-art.typeface">Sorts Mill Goudy</b><br/>
|
||
typefaces created in <time>2014</time> and <time>2009</time> by<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://www.theleagueofmoveabletype.com/">The League of Moveable Type</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The first edition of this ebook was released on<br/>
|
||
<time datetime="2020-10-21T02:39:24Z">October 21, 2020, 2:39 <abbr class="eoc">a.m.</abbr></time><br/>
|
||
You can check for updates to this ebook, view its revision history, or download it for different ereading systems at<br/>
|
||
<a href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/sun-tzu/the-art-of-war/lionel-giles">standardebooks.org/ebooks/sun-tzu/the-art-of-war/lionel-giles</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The volunteer-driven Standard Ebooks project relies on readers like you to submit typos, corrections, and other improvements. Anyone can contribute at <a href="https://standardebooks.org/">standardebooks.org</a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="uncopyright" epub:type="copyright-page backmatter">
|
||
<h2 epub:type="title">Uncopyright</h2>
|
||
<blockquote epub:type="z3998:verse">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span>May you do good and not evil.</span>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<span>May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.</span>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<span>May you share freely, never taking more than you give.</span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>Copyright pages exist to tell you that you <em>can’t</em> do something. Unlike them, this Uncopyright page exists to tell you that the writing and artwork in this ebook are believed to be in the United States public domain; that is, they are believed to be free of copyright restrictions in the United States. The United States public domain represents our collective cultural heritage, and items in it are free for anyone in the United States to do almost anything at all with, without having to get permission.</p>
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